The Master Principle of EM Overunity and
the
Japanese Overunity Engines: A New Pearl Harbor?
T. E. Bearden 1995
December
31, 1995
Abstract
Conservative fields
and single-valued potentials are universally assumed in rotary
electromagnetic engine design and analysis, as is the absence of timed
automatic regauging of an EM engine stator section. As is
well-known, a change of gauge involves only a symmetrical change of both
A and f EM potential
magnitudes (actually, intensities) while the net
resultant force field acting on the system remains unchanged because the
two new force fields appearing are equal and opposite. It follows that
no excess work of the form ò
∆ F×dr
need be accomplished by the operator upon a system to regauge it and
alter its potential, because ∆F
= 0 and W = ò
F×ds.
On the other hand,
asymmetrical change of a single gradient-free EM potential or both
(i.e., regauging) freely changes the stored energy in the regauged
subsystem, and also introduces a net free nonzero force field
essentially responsible for the emf induced in the circuit. Asymmetrical
regauging is comparable to a free refueling process. Asymmetrical
regauging can be introduced by several mechanisms, including direct,
nondivergent Poynting S-flow switched into the system via a dq/dt-blocked
conducting bridge from a separate dq/dt-loop serving solely as a source
of potential, S, and emf. The adaptation of the Poynting energy
loss equation for this regauging method is given.
Another
straightforward way of regauging a narrow sector of the stator is to
utilize a multivalued potential (MVP) in that stator sector,
wherein a powered rotor suddenly experiences an instantaneous free
"jump" in its confronting stator potential when it enters the
multivalued region. In this fashion the potentialized vacuum itself
directly and freely injects excess potential (stored) energy into the
system during the multivalued potential jump, which automatically
increases the stored potential energy of the system — in short, free
refueling the system. This excess stored energy can subsequently be
continually dissipated as work in a load during the remainder of the
rotary cycle. No violation of the laws of physics or thermodynamics
occurs in regauging, because during the jump in energy storage the
system is an open system freely receiving an input of energy from an
external source, the vacuum itself. In principle this is no different
than the refueling of a conventional gasoline engine, except that in
regauging, the vacuum's interaction with matter freely furnishes the
fuel.
Ideally, in the
regauging jump region itself, the fields remain unchanged and therefore
unused. However, the fields between the regauging region itself and
outside regions will change. Adroit timing of these latter fields
may be freely utilized to assist the stator rotation since fields
experience no Newtonian third law reaction force. Regauging thus can
provide work-free stored EM energy "refueling" of an electrical or
magnetic system — a Maxwell's Demon of special kind. The gauge
freedom axiom of quantum field theory already assumes that a
system’s potential energy can be freely changed at will.
In the real world,
magnetic domains and moving electrical charges occupy finite volumes
rather than the "point unit magnetic north pole" and "point positive
coulomb of charge" assumed by conventional EM field theory. Particularly
in a magnetic system, a highly nonlinear single-valued potential with
radical magnitude changes in a stator region smaller than the finite
domains of the rotor can be utilized as a "pseudo MVP," since a rotor
domain will experience this rapid alteration of the magnetostatic scalar
potential in a single domain as a nearly instantaneous "jump". Even over
many domains, a sharply changed single-valued potential with a finite
rise time can be used if the resulting field is radially oriented so
that no tangential drag results on the rotor. The jump time dt can be
made sufficiently small so that the overall ò
F(t)dt "back impulse" becomes negligible or vanishes. The jumped
potential can be appreciably higher than that of the next forward
tangential stator region. In that case a strong tangential force results
which accelerates the rotor and adds energy to it. Consequently,
immediately after the jump the rotor can experience a substantial net
overall boost out of the pseudo MVP jump region, as formally proven by
Johnson's magnetic gates in actual laboratory force-time measurements
every 0.01 sec.
Explanations of the magnetic Wankel and Kawai
engines are presented from the viewpoint of the potentials and
regauging. The explanations and the overunity mechanism are
straightforward once the pseudo-MVP jump mechanism is understood. It
appears that "self-powering" electromagnetic vehicles utilizing these
engines could be introduced in the U.S. by the Japanese as early as
October 1996 for the 1997 automobile year.
If so, then the United States and the other nations of the world are in
for an economic shock of enormous magnitude.
Introduction
First some background information. In 1980 while serving on the Board of
Directors of Astron, Inc., and involved in overunity motor research, I
wrote an informal (at the time proprietary) paper pointing out the
significance of multi-valued potentials for enabling overunity
operations of electromagnetic processes.
In a 1989 article
we pointed out one method (one of Howard Johnson's methods) for an
overunity permanent magnet motor without ancillary electromagnets.
In 1993 we openly released a mechanism for obtaining "free energy" from
the vacuum in electrical circuits,
and followed that by filing a patent application and a continuation on
the method and various embodiments.
My associates and I followed with patent applications for room
temperature superconductivity, Poynting energy generators and enhancers,
and other related overunity embodiments.
We are presently struggling to ready four other patent applications in
this rapidly emerging overunity field.
In a recent article
we cautiously pointed out potential Japanese overunity motor work which
might well result in the launching of a Japanese-dominated "overunity
age" in the immediate future.
With somewhat limited information on engine details and no test results
of the reported Japanese overunity engine(s), such caution was
appropriate. Therefore we assigned a probability of perhaps only 60%
that the work was overunity.
Such caution was justified. In a preliminary
electric motor scooter demonstration held for Western engineers in
Europe, no one was permitted to examine the actual motor "under the
hood," so to speak. Therefore a question remained, because
independent certification tests — at least by Western
scientists and engineers — had not appeared. Nonetheless I felt that a
potential Pearl Harbor of a different kind was possible, and ended my
article as follows: "We simply must not repeat a Pearl Harbor in the
overunity electrical energy field. This time the torpedoes may be too
devastating for America to survive." Added. My estimate of 1996 as
the target year was correct. Had not the Yakuza interfered, my own group
and company would have placed the Kawai system on the world market
toward the end of that year.1
Additional Information on
Japanese Overunity Engines
Additional information
on these Japanese engines is now available. A fundamental U.S. patent
on an overunity engine (test numbers are clearly stated in the patent
for overunity coefficient of performance of some 318%) has already been
issued to Japanese inventor Teruo Kawai. Dr. Eugene Mallove has followed
up this startling development by printing an excerpt from the patent,
with a commentary,
and also the transcript
of a Fuji Television Network program (some eight minutes) aired on
October 20, 1993 over Japanese Television, and dealing with "dream
energy" from permanent magnets. The Kawai motor uses a combination of
permanent magnets and electromagnets, in a multiplicity of radially
opposed operations of the ancillary stator electromagnets with respect
to the permanent magnet rotor.
The Japanese appear to
have had a substantially funded, national strategic program in overunity
motors and devices for at least twenty years. For example, it is well
known that the Japanese are heavily involved in cold fusion research.
Also, as early as 1979, they were already testing a 45 h.p. motor — the
magnetic Wankel engine — in a Mazda automobile.
As we shall see, it is obvious from the design of the magnetic Wankel
engine that it can produce overunity coefficient of performance.
The present paper explains the gauge-theoretic
background needed to comprehend overunity EM circuits and machines. It
also advances a master overunity principle and explains the application
of this principle in the Japanese overunity EM engines.
What Is Required to
Explain Electromagnetic Overunity
As is well known in
thermodynamics,
any permissible overunity system must involve an open system that
receives an input of excess energy from an external source.
In other words, the open system must not be in thermodynamic
equilibrium. This is important. If the system is open but in
thermodynamic equilibrium, it is prohibited from receiving and
storing any excess input of energy that can then be gated to a load
to power it. Therefore the open system in equilibrium cannot exhibit
stable overunity coefficient of performance. So the first requirement is
to explain how the system breaks thermodynamic equilibrium.
In the case of both the magnetic Wankel and Kawai
motors it is important to detail the exact external source of the excess
energy, and show how the system is indeed an open system receiving this
excess energy from this recognized external source. In short, one must
show (i) what the external source is, (ii) how and why the system is
indeed an open system, (iii) why it is not in local equilibrium, and
(iv) precisely how the system receives its "free" input of excess energy
from the external source.
Energy Can Be Extracted
from a Magnetic Dipole
There appears to be no
explanation in the Kawai patent as to how the excess energy is arrived
at, or what is its exact external source, except for vague reference to
"extracting energy from a permanent magnet." To conventional Western
electrical engineers, that kind of statement has long been deemed
nonsensical.
It is our purpose in this article to show that (i) it is not nonsensical
at all to consider a magnetic dipole a source of energy, because that is
already rigorously present in particle physics — and indeed any
electric dipole is already known to be a source of energy also, (ii)
the external source is indeed the vacuum, and excess energy can be
extracted from a permanent magnet by radial-only ancillary regauging
operations during a small fraction of a rotary cycle, (iii) this is
related to the magnetostatic scalar potential (MSP), the magnetic field,
and a multivalued MSP, and (iv) regauging the potential of a "reset"
subsystem is a "master principle of overunity" with many special cases,
by means of which either electrical or magnetic overunity efficiency, or
a combination of both, can be obtained in electromagnetic machines.
But first we must
break away from conventional EM theory and analysis. No engine that
operates entirely in accord with standard EM textbook theory can exhibit
an overunity coefficient of performance, because all fields in the
conventional theory are conservative. That is another way of
referring to Lorentz symmetrical regauging. The conventional
closed-current loop circuit self-enforces Lorentz regauging and use of
conservative fields during the circuit’s or engine’s excitation
discharge. A priori, we must put as much energy into that circuit
or engine as it outputs in the form of useful work and system losses.
So the first issue is, "How do we create a
nonconservative field in the candidate overunity system?"
Asymmetry, Conservation,
and the Modern Vacuum
In the standard
electrical power engineering model it is erroneously assumed that the
vacuum has no interaction consequences upon an operating physical
system. Consequently many symmetries abound. Indeed, to every
conservation law there can be assigned a symmetry. The conservation laws
of which the power engineer is so proud thus can be regarded from the
standpoint of their symmetries. It can come as a profound shock to the
classical power engineer that the assumed symmetry of physical actions
in physical systems does not exist unless the interaction of the
vacuum with the physical matter is included. This is well known and long
since proven in particle physics, but it is absent from electrical power
engineering.
In material
particulate systems, there are three major symmetries — charge, parity,
and time — that individually or even in pairs need not be
obeyed. The requirement is that not all three can be broken
simultaneously, in accordance with the well-known CPT theorem of
particle physics. In other words, violations of each of the three, and
of pairs, have been individually shown; but violations of all three at
once have not been found. Violations of each of these symmetries can be
most interesting and novel.
For example, local
violation of time symmetry yields a local violation of the conservation
of energy law, because energy and time are canonical.
Electrical charge alone is not necessarily individually conserved,
regardless of what one was taught in electrical engineering.
Nature allows charge to become asymmetrical if the vacuum interaction is
sufficiently asymmetrical; one must just discover how to do it.
Table 1 is a synopsis of some major aspects of asymmetry in modern
physics.
Our point is that overunity EM machines must a
priori involve one or more broken symmetries. This alone voids any
"conventional EM" justification, because it voids any model that
ignores the vacuum's interaction with matter. So to ascertain the exact
nature of the "external source" that is furnishing the excess energy to
an open system with broken symmetry, it is only necessary to realize
that a priori the source becomes the quantum mechanical vacuum,
according to well-established particle physics. Let us examine this a
little more closely.
A Charge Is Already a
Broken Symmetry
First, any electrical
charge
is already a proven asymmetry when considered as the dipolarity
it actually is in modern theory. The bare charge is infinite. Clustered
around it in the vacuum are partially shielding virtual charges of
opposite sign. The clustering charge is also infinite. Yet the
difference between these two infinite charges is finite; it is the
conventional charge of the particle seen by an external observer and
listed in conventional textbooks and handbooks. According to particle
physics and the theory of curved spacetime, that dipolarity of the
“isolated charge” is an asymmetry in the fierce virtual photon flux of
the active vacuum. Hence the charge must act either as a gating
source or a gating sink in the fiery flux of the local
vacuum. In common terms, that charge is either extracting and gating
real EM energy right out of the quantum mechanical vacuum
and thereby acting as a free energy source, or it is gating real EM
energy back into the quantum mechanical vacuum and thereby acting as an
energy sink. The latter condition can also be thought of as gating
extracting and gating negative energy from the vacuum as a free
“negative energy” source.
Hence every charge in
the universe already falsifies the classical EM and electrical
engineering models, since every charge has a COP =
¥.
This immediately puts
a different perspective upon an electrical dipole. It is simultaneously
similar to a powerful energy spray pump (an energy source) on one end
and an energy suction pump (an energy sink) on the other end. Electrical
field energy (charge flux) is flowing from the vacuum out of one end of
the dipole, and from the other end back to the vacuum — all driven
by the seething vacuum.
A Poynting flow must be perpendicular to the field lines, by S =
E x H.
More conventionally, electrodynamicists assume (for circuits) that two
S-flows of energy are produced, one from each of the ends of the
dipole. There is a net difference between these two flows and therefore
a net potential difference between the ends of the dipole.
Among leading university EM textbooks, a determined
struggle with the flow of Poynting energy in electrical circuits is
undertaken by Krauss.
Figure 1 shows a partially corrected flow of the Poynting energy in a
simple electric circuit, after Krauss. As can be seen, the flow of
Poynting energy originates in the vacuum and returns to the vacuum,
contrary to present electrodynamics textbooks. Our external circuitry is
just the "gating" applied to this freely extracted energy flow. Simply
eliminate the external circuit, the battery and its internal resistance,
but retain the separation of positive and negative charges, and one has
arrived at a dipole. The free flow of Poynting energy is due to this
dipole, not to the overall battery per se.
Electrical power systems do not directly power their external circuits;
instead, they utilize their input energy to separate internal charges in
them and make their source dipole between the terminals. Once made, the
source dipole’s asymmetry in the vacuum energy flux extracts usable EM
energy from the vacuum and pours it out of the terminals, filling space
around the conductors of the external circuit. All EM systems are thus
powered by EM energy extracted directly from the vacuum. Indeed, all EM
fields and potentials and their energy comes directly from the vacuum,
extracted by the associated source charges. As far as EM energy is
concerned, there is nothing but EM energy extracted from the vacuum,
because all EM field and potential energy comes from the vacuum.
Every Electric Dipole Is
Already a Free Energy Source
Every electric dipole
in the universe is already a legitimate, proven, free energy device that
directly extracts and gates energy from and to the active vacuum.
Such a free energy device is already included in every battery
and generator ever built. It will persist so long as no internal work is
done on the charges making up the source dipole, to destroy their
separation!
We do not have to
discover how to extract free energy from the vacuum. We just have to
learn how to properly use the free energy extractors we universally
have already!
We now have identified
the energetic vacuum as a legitimate primary source of free energy from
any electrical power source. From the seething vacuum, the dipolar
source will extract two flows of Poynting energy (we will model it that
way). The external conductors will gate and guide the Poynting energy
flows S — along with its concomitant emf and voltage — to
the external circuit indefinitely, so long as the separation of
the charges comprising the source's dipolarity is undisturbed.
A Magnetic Dipole Is Also
a Similar Free Energy Source
A similar asymmetry
also exists for any magnetic pole (magnetic charge, or magnetostatic
scalar potential). A magnetic dipole — any common, ordinary permanent
magnet, for example — thus legitimately is already a rigorously proven
free energy machine in particle physics, having COP =
¥. A flow of Poynting energy is
moving (by convention) between its north pole and its south pole,
orthogonal to the magnetic field lines. This free flow of energy from
the vacuum will continue as long as that separation of poles exists
in the magnet.
One can also represent
a magnetic pole as a magnetostatic scalar potential
F. We do not have moving "jF"
type material magnetic charges in the magnet, but we have moving
massless dF/dt.
In the more accurate particle physics view, we have moving virtual
photons, moving along the field lines.
Regauging a Magnetic
Scalar Potential
To "regauge" a
magnetostatic scalar potential on a stator, we must create a stator
magnetic pole in such a manner that the magnetic field H from the
suddenly injected pole strength cannot cause tangential translation
acceleration of the rotor in the regauging region itself. There
is no such limitation on tangential translation acceleration of the
rotor between the regauging region and regions outside it. Further, if
the injected pole strength creates an accelerating tangential
field from the regauging region to the next stator region, that can be
highly beneficial and it can be utilized to enable overunity. In fact,
that is the active principle used by the magnetic Wankel engine.
On the other hand, Kawai creates a tangential force field by a stator
electromagnet when it is just forward of the radial flux from a central
ring magnet. This produces an accelerating tangential force field, which
reduces as the rotor proceeds and the flux becomes aligned with the
stator electromagnet. If unchanged, the tangential force component would
then reverse in direction and add drag-back to the rotor. Just as the
tangential force approaches zero and its reversal, Kawai regauges by
de-energizing the stator electromagnet and resetting that stator coil
potential back to zero. Hence the regauging "quenches" the back-drag
field portion. This essentially doubles the energy available in the
Kawai motor to drive it, by avoiding using half the collected EM energy
in the circuit to overcome the back mmf.
Regauging is best
accomplished by creating the magnetic field H of the injected
pole oriented radially with respect to the rotor pole in the regauging
sector, as that rotor pole moves along its tangential path. In that
case, no radial work on the rotor system is required in order to regauge
the magnetic scalar potential. The injected magnetostatic scalar
potential (pole) can readily be made sufficiently strong as to create an
accelerating force between it and the potential (pole) next in rotation
order. Thus the rotor can actually be strongly boosted through a region
that would otherwise produce back-drag if regauging were not
accomplished.
So, once the regauging
jump of the magnetostatic scalar potential (MSP) is accomplished, the
tangential back drag on the rotor in a permanent magnet motor
arrangement can be eliminated or materially reduced — or even
reversed so as to aid the rotor's operation — with the expenditure
of very little switching energy in creating the "regauging jump." That
is the regauging secret of the magnetic Wankel engine, together with
sudden breaking of a small current through a radial stator coil in order
to induce a momentary, free, very high Lenz-law MSP with its radial H
field radial to the rotor. This produces a large, amplified
magnetostatic scalar potential
"jump" so that the usual "tangential back drag" force — between the
regauging region and the stator region directly ahead — is actually
reversed and now strongly aids in accelerating the rotor's movement
out of the regauging region. The magnetic Wankel engine uses a
"convert decelerating drag into accelerating boost" approach, while
the Kawai engine uses an "eliminate decelerating back drag"
approach.
It is important to
note that the regauging "jump" region becomes an energy reset and
refueling region. It is just like refueling a gasoline-powered
automobile — by refueling, one resets the stored energy (i.e., the
potential) in a subsystem (the gasoline tank) to its initial value.
So asymmetrically regauging a stator sector of an EM motor of the
magnetic Wankel or Kawai kind or similar is precisely a method of
refueling or resetting the stored potential energy of the
system.
For overunity operation, one simply resets
(refuels), extracts energy as work in the load, resets (refuels) again,
extracts more energy in the load, and so on.
There Is an Infinite Set
of Nonlinear Maxwell Equations
Since overunity
requires violating classical EM theory, we must further break our
mindset from the typical EM engineering analysis usually applied to
motors and generators. Most of the EM theory usually applied by
engineers is based upon "the" Maxwell equations. However, when
nonlinearities are considered, there is not just one set of "the"
Maxwell equations available, but in fact there is an infinite set
of them available.,
This alone urges great caution when tempted to reach sweeping
conclusions based upon "the" Maxwell equations and simple nonlinear EM
analysis. Modern nonlinear work with electrodynamics and Maxwell's
theory has shown many things that are not normally taught in university
courses, and which are not normally part of the repertoire of the
electrical engineer.
Three other things normally neglected in the
conventional EM analysis are (i) any use of a multivalued potential,
(ii) any use of nonconservative fields, and (iii) any use of gauge
theory and especially regauging the metric at some point in a
rotary cycle. We will briefly cover those areas, but only to the extent
of what we need to extract from them for our overunity purposes.
Multivalued Potentials and
Regauging
An unusual
characteristic that can be achieved in nonlinear electromagnetics and
circuits is the involvement of a multivalued potential (MVP) and a
corresponding change of gauge of the very vacuum/spacetime in which one
is working. That is, in one or more regions of the system we can produce
the involvement of automatic "jumps" in the potential energy of the
system. Gauge transformations
in electromagnetic theory "consist of certain alterations in the values
of those [scalar and vector] potentials that do not result in a change
of the electric and magnetic fields."
For free energy, we must “fracture” the usual symmetrical
regauging and use asymmetrical regauging, at least for part of
the cycle.
Modern
electrodynamicists utilize the standard potentials A and ,
where A is the magnetic vector potential, to represent the
electromagnetics in terms of potentials. However, Whittaker has already
shown that two scalar potentials can be utilized instead, and
still produce all the electromagnetics.
He specifically points out that this is in contradistinction to the
standard (A, φ)
modeling. In short, Whittaker shows that the fields of classical
electromagnetics can be replaced by scalar potential interferometry
of two potentials.
This is important,
e.g., when one considers dq/dt blocking, as in the Fogal semiconductor.
As noted by Jackson, ibid., in the Coulomb gauge the scalar
potential has instantaneous travel and is not limited at all to the
speed of light. Further, the transverse current in a conductor extends
over all space; it is not confined merely to the conductor. Jackson does
not address the transverse flow of S = ExH
into and out of a circuit, particularly when the dq/dt is blocked in one
or more of the conducting loops. Fogal has invented processes and
devices which infold signals — including any desired bandwidth —
inside a DC voltage (inside a scalar potential) by special use of the
Fogal dq/dt-blocking semiconductor, then outfold the hidden
signal from inside the DC potential at a great distance away. Since the
Coulomb gauge results for this "infolded" EM, instantaneous or
superluminal communication is a direct result, in spite of the
overwhelming conviction of physicists that this is impossible. The
superluminal effect can be shown directly upon the bench or in a large
communication system at appreciable distance.
Our main point for
this article is that one can regauge a potential, changing its
local value, without necessarily changing the electric and magnetic
fields (i.e., without changing the gradients of the potential). Or, one
can regauge the potential asymmetrically and change the gradients,
thereby obtaining a net free force field as well as free
additional EM potential energy. Indeed, one can strongly argue that the
passage of potential current dφ/dt without
passage of dq/dt is a regauging operation. The reason is that the
Poynting flow S flows along an equipotential, which is another
way of saying that a constant S-flow carries a constant
orthogonal E-field and therefore a constant electrostatic scalar
potential
φ
value right along with it. It also carries a constant orthogonal B-field
and therefore a constant magnetostatic scalar potential F
value right along with it. In short, if one flows-in excess potential φ or
F,
one has flowed-in excess S-flow. And vice-versa, if one flows-in
excess S-flow, one has flowed-in excess potential, without
necessarily changing the existing potential gradients (i.e., without
changing the force fields).
This is in fact
regauging, accomplished directly in the electric or magnetic circuit
itself. No work is required for regauging operation since the force
fields are unchanged. A multivalued potential accomplishes just this
very result, freely regauging the ambient vacuum potential at a
multivalued point or emulated multivalued point, changing the
fundamental potential energy in the system of interest, and thereby
permissibly enabling nonconservative local fields and
overunity coefficient of performance. It is very like one of the
drawings by Escher, where stair steps descend endlessly because they
"close" back via a "regauging" operation upon their starting point, yet
are always running downhill.
For our purposes Jackson's discussion of gauge
fields is sufficient.
What we wish to summarize is that — whether we are speaking of magnetic
devices or electrical devices — one can use regauging by means of
scalar potentials only, thereby changing the local energy of a system
and its local reference potential. That is, at a given "low
potential" point or region in a rotary cycle, we can suddenly and
freely shift the entire "local vacuum energy" in which the local portion
of the system is embedded, by means of regauging via a multivalued
potential. We thereby automatically and freely shift the potential
energy of the subsystem, without the necessity of performing work upon
the system. We input and store additional excess energy in the
system, without doing work on it.
In short, we refuel the system.
Pseudo-MVPs and Regauging
In real systems one
moves finite-sized charges rather than theoretical "point"
charges, as are conveniently utilized in EM theory. Consequently one can
even emulate this multivalued potential by an ordinary
single-valued potential that changes in a very small region with
sufficient abruptness.
Such an emulative use of a single-valued potential is referred to as a
pseudo-MVP usage. Either real MVP use or pseudo-MVP use in a
system means that one can effectively obtain nonconservative
fields and cycles in that system.
Such a system is
inherently capable of overunity coefficient of performance, merely by
correctly timing the regauging/refueling operation. In effect, the
system is "opened" to a sudden jump in potential energy in one
subsystem, by the regauging of the local vacuum potentials in the "jump"
region, and the system immediately receives an excess flow of work-free
potential energy from the surrounding vacuum due to the regauging
operation.
Regauging applies to
both magnetic and electrical systems. However, it forces us to consider
the scalar potentials rather than the force fields. In short, we must
learn to consider the magnetostatic scalar potential and the
electrostatic scalar potential, together with regauging, when we are
involved in studying an overunity electromagnetic system.
It is already well known in foundations of quantum
mechanics that the potentials, not the force fields, are the primary
causes of electromagnetic phenomena.
So by regauging and "resetting" the potential (the energy storage) in a
system, one really is refueling the "primary EM causative agents"
of that system.
The Conservative Field
In Figure 2 we show by
analogy a standard conservative field, viewed from the standpoint of the
single-valued scalar potential. We have illustrated a circular track on
an inclined board, with a ball rolling around the track. Here
gravitation furnishes the potential at point A. The rolling ball passes
from A to B to C to B' to A to complete one cycle.
From conventional
electromagnetic theory, one of the ways of defining a conservative
potential field is well known to be as follows:
0 =
F∙dr
= −
Ñ
∙dr
= −
∙d
[1]
In equation [1] we are
referring to the standard line integral of the differential of work
about a closed path in a region. Equation [1] specifies that the line
integral is independent of the path between any two points P0
and P1, and it holds so
long as the potential is continuous and single-valued. For most
applications this condition is true, and so equation [1] is a
fundamental part of conventional electromagnetic theory, motor design,
etc.
Equation [1] may also
be visualized as the creation of a potential difference at a point A,
with reference to point C, whereby energy flows from the potential to
the kinetic system during the travel of the rolling ball from point A to
point B to point C. That is, potential energy is changed into kinetic
energy of the moving ball, with a consequent "drop" in potential of the
ball. Subsequently, however, as the ball continues from C to B' to A,
energy flows back from the kinetic energy of the rolling ball to the
system potential. If we wished, we could take energy from the system
during the travel of the ball along path A-B-C, but we would then have
to do equal work back upon the ball during its travel along path A-B'-C.
So here we have a conservative field. We simply cannot get
an overunity coefficient of performance from this field, no matter what
path we take. So equation [1] rigorously holds for Figure 2. Note again
the requirement that the potential be continuous and single-valued if
equation [1] holds and energy is conserved.
F∙dr
=0
[2]
and, for any system
for which equation [2] holds, that system is energy-conservative because
the field is energy conservative. Specifically, one cannot get more
energy out of such a system than one puts into the system in the first
place.
In Figure 2, we can
easily see this from the gravitational analogy: Suppose the track and
rolling of the ball are drag-free and frictionless. As the ball rolls
from A to B to C, it picks up speed and energy because of its "drop"
through a difference in potential between point A and C. In other words,
it is rolling "down hill," and the gravitational potential is adding the
excess kinetic energy. However, as the ball starts back up hill in its
travel from C to B' to A, it will steadily lose energy again, passing
that energy back to the gravitational potential. It will just barely
reach point A in a totally drag-free system.
For a perfect
drag-free system, we could give the ball an initial push from point A,
and then it would "orbit" around the track forever. Planets in orbit
around the sun are in fact in exactly such a condition, at least to
first order.
However, one could not extract any energy from the ball-track system
during its fall along path A-B-C, and have the ball continue to roll
around the track. So work is added to the ball from the gravitational
potential along path A-B-C, and the ball then does work on the
gravitational potential along path C-B'-A.
This "field" is locally conservative, and of no use
to us in producing an overunity system.
The Non-Conservative Field
But now see
Figure 3.
Here we show a track that "spirals downward" all the way from A to B to
C to B' to D, and where D is directly under the initial starting point
A. The gravitational potential adds energy to the rolling ball all along
the path from point A to point D. In the ordinary 3-space, the
gravitational potential remains single-valued along the line from
D to A. Therefore we apply equation [1] or equation [2] and the entire
field is still conservative. In short, we would have to do as much work
on the ball from D to A as we were able to gain and extract all the way
along A-B-C-B'-D. This is a normal conservative field and it will not
yield overunity operation.
However, suppose that
we are dealing with electromagnetic scalar potentials instead of
gravitational potential. Further, suppose that the potential is
multivalued from D to A. Now a strange phenomenon occurs. When the
system has reached "point D" in its cyclic operation from point A, the
potential value itself at D suddenly is altered and "regauged" back to
its original value at point A. In short, the value of the potential
"jumps" all the way back to the initial value of the potential at point
A.
By the gravitational
analogy, this would correspond to the ball rolling all the way from
point A to point D, and then the vacuum "spacetime" suddenly regauging
itself to throw the gravitational potential back up to its initial value
at point A. In the physical ball-track analogy, this would correspond to
an external agent suddenly and freely injecting excess energy to
instantly and freely lift the ball from point D to point A.
In that case, so far
as we are concerned, we would see the ball just continue rolling always
downhill! We could continuously extract energy from it, and we would
simply be extracting stored energy from the regauging and refueling by
the multivalued potential that had come into being in the region from D
to A. We have simply made a nonconservative field by use of a
multivalued potential to accomplish regauging. Figure 4 shows this
"refueling" of an EM engine by regauging.
We accent yet again
that no work is required for regauging per se, because in the regauging
region the force fields remain unchanged and
Fds
= 0 because ∆F
= 0.
It is possible to make
such a multivalued potential in electrical machines or in magnetic
machines. When we do, we make a nonconservative field in the machine. So
we can permissibly make an electrical device or a magnetic device
that yields overunity electrical performance. Any such system gets a
free injection of potential energy by regauging during every cycle,
simply being freely refueled by the vacuum itself! And we are then free
to extract that injected and stored free energy from the system,
and use it to do work in an external load. More than a single regauging
per rotor rotation can be utilized, depending upon motor design (an
example is the Kawai engine).
To make the so-called "closed-loop" free energy
machine, all that is necessary is to (i) utilize a nonconservative field
cycle by incorporating a regauging and refueling (resetting) sector of
the overunity cycle, and (ii) collect a bit of the excess output
positive energy (or transduce the negative energy output) and use it to
run the circuitry that accomplishes the timing and switching for the
regauging. Either an electrical or magnetic machine utilizing a
nonconservative field and timed regauging can "run itself" while
simultaneously powering a load.
Conservation Laws and
Thermodynamics Laws Are Not Violated
We strongly point out
that such an overunity system is permissible, does not
violate the conservation of energy law, and does not
violate the laws of thermodynamics. It does violate classical
electrodynamics, as do many other electrical things in physics. It is
simply a periodically opened system that receives excess input of energy
by regauging the system's active potential via usage of a multivalued
potential (MVP) or a pseudo-MVP. In short, it is a "freely refueled"
engine. It is an engine that continually refuels itself from a free
external source of energy.
The difference between using an MVP and using a
pseudo-MVP is this: For the MVP, one must produce and use an actual
multivalued potential. For a pseudo-MVP, one makes a single-valued
stator sector potential that, though not actually multivalued, is so
nonlinear in that finite but very small region, that the finite rotor
system traversing the path
experiences the potential in that narrow region essentially as if it
were a true MVP. In other words, a sufficiently nonlinear
single-valued potential can change so sharply in a small region that a
somewhat sluggish finite system perceives the change as instantaneous
and thereby perceives the potential as multivalued in that region. Both
the magnetic Wankel and Kawai engines apply the pseudo-MVP principle.
Applying the Master
Overunity Principle for EM Machines
The master principle
(regauging) of overunity operation of rotary EM machines, switched
circuits, and coupled oscillator circuits is accomplished as follows:
-
Establish an appreciable work phase and a small energy intake
phase.
-
Reduce the angular spread of the energy intake phase to a small fraction
of the angular spread of the work phase.
-
Accomplish the energy input freely by performing a regauging operation
using a multivalued potential (MVP) or pseudo-MVP.
The master principle (regauging the potential by
emulating an MVP) can be applied to either an electrical device or a
magnetic device.
Regauging an Electrical
Circuit
In a current loop,
whenever one stops the current dq/dt in a conductor but continues to
pass voltage as displacement current d/dt, one
continues to pass the Poynting energy flow given by
S = ExH
[3]
In short, we pass the
flow of potential
(i.e., we pass the voltage) and we therefore change the potential
downstream. This regauges that part of the circuitry downstream.
In one of our patent applications, my colleagues and I described this
process as bridging.
We used bridging to pass the potential from one dq/dt-closed sourcing
circuit — where V is large, I is very small, and [V I
cos]
is small — to a second dq/dt-closed circuit where V is large, I is
large, and [V I
cos]
is very large.
In short, we regauged the potential in the downstream receiving
circuit, and that is a real work-free flow of excess EM energy into that
receiving load circuit.
The load is then powered by dissipating the regauged potential of the
load circuit.
Figure 5
diagrammatically shows our bridging approach that simultaneously
produces room temperature superconductivity and a system COP >1.0. Work
in the regauged load circuit does not "cost" us any degradation of the
primary source, and it does not degrade the performance of the source
furnishing the potential because it does not require load current to
pass back through the source. In short, none of the energy extracted
from the primary source is utilized to perform work on the
source by driving spent load conduction electrons back through the
source against its back emf. Thus no work is done to destroy the
separation of charges in the primary source.
We strongly point out
that use of an MVP or a pseudo-MVP and the concomitant regauging is
exactly the same thing as utilizing a dq/dt-blocked conductor to bridge
the passage and flow of energy and emf. Regauging is just an
instantaneous switch-in of excess potential. That is, the regauging
accomplished an injection of potential energy and emf into the system at
the "jump," without the use of dq/dt to transport excess energy into the
system as j.
Again, it is an operation of refueling the potential.
We now rigorously show that Poynting S-flow
with its corresponding potential flow can yield overunity coefficient of
performance in a system wherein a dq/dt-blocked sourcing current loop
bridges the S-flow, d/dt, and emf to a
receiving load loop, where the load loop and the sourcing loop are dq/dt-isolated.
The Conventional Poynting
Theory
Let us now examine the
conventional Poynting energy loss equation. In classical EM energy flow
through a unit volume, the Poynting vector S = ExH
generally suffices to represent the amount of EM energy crossing a unit
area in unit time, normal to the flow direction of S.,,
A positive value represents EM energy flowing out of the unit volume
through unit area, while a negative value represents EM energy entering
into the unit volume through unit area. [We will later reverse that
tradition]. For a medium that is linear in its electric and magnetic
properties, the Poynting theorem
states that
| |
1 |
∂ |
|
|
div (S+S')+ |
— |
— |
(B2 + E2)
+ cE(i + i') = 0
[4] |
| |
8π |
∂t |
|
where
is the Poynting vector, and S’ is any vector field
whose divergence vanishes; div(S) is the rate at which the stored field
energy is diminishing in the unit volume in question due to a net
outward flow of energy;
is the rate at which the amount of stored field
energy in the unit volume is changing, and the expression cE(i+i’)
is the rate at which the electric field does work on all the moving
charges, in unit volume, losing energy at that rate. Further, i
represents the ordinary gross macroscopic conduction current while i’
represents the net microscopic current (within the molecules or within
the atoms).
As Jackson points out,
the curl of any vector field can be added to S, since the divergence of
the curl vanishes.
In the theoretical case, EM energy that flows along
(outside) a wire in an open (i.e., dq/dt-blocked) electric
circuit is just such a divergence-free field.
If we utilize a multivalued potential, then in the multivalued "jump"
region there is just a sudden injection of excess S-flow due to the
injection of a different equipotential. Consequently an “open circuit” —
i.e., one in which the current dq/dt is blocked — may still pass
Poynting EM energy since all the “energy flow” in a circuit exists in
the flow of voltage (potential),
and voltage may flow without concomitant current. In fact, rigorously
the EM energy flowing “in” an electrical circuit does not flow
through the wire, but outside it.
The wire serves as a sort of waveguide or railroad track for the energy
flow outside. Obviously, if we block the current dq/dt in the wire, we
shall block the expenditure of EM energy as work in that blocked
current loop. However, we can still pass the Poynting vector flows, and
therefore we can still pass EM energy without any dissipation of it in
that current loop. Since no work is being performed in the current loop,
no work is being done inside the source for that blocked current loop —
the source being in series in that loop.
Any Dipole is a Source of
Free Energy Extracted from the Vacuum
As we previously
stated, it is already shown in particle physics that any electric charge
is an asymmetry in the violent energy exchange between the vacuum and
the charge. Every charge is therefore either a source or a sink. Any
dipole is automatically a source on one end and a sink on the other,
freely extracting and gating a circulation of excess energy from the
vacuum to 3-space and back to the vacuum. This is true for both an
electric dipole and a magnetic dipole.
To build a free energy
EM source, we do not have to discover how to extract and gate excess
energy from the vacuum. Every source we have ever built is already doing
just that. We only have to discover how to cease using half the
collected energy in a circuit to do work on the internal separation of
charges that makes the dipole itself, thereby destroying the source
dipole. In other words, we only need to cease "killing" our free
energy sources already available in every EM circuit and system.
My colleagues and I have shown how to do it with
electrical circuits and now with a special magnetic circuit called the
motionless electromagnetic generator (MEG). Johnson has shown how to do
it with a motor comprised only of permanent magnets in both the stator
and the rotor. The Wankel engine has shown how to do it by using a
single electromagnet in a narrow sector of the stator, and the rest of
the stator comprised of permanent magnets while the rotor is composed of
permanent magnets. Kawai has shown how to do it beautifully in a motor
with the rotor comprised of permanent magnets and the stator comprised
of electromagnets.
All these various approaches are in fact applications of the same master
overunity principle advanced in this paper. All utilized one or more
methods of performing regauging by means of a multivalued potential
(MVP) or a pseudo-MVP (i.e., an emulated MVP).
dq/dt-Blocking
Enables Extracting of Energy from the Vacuum
Here is a very simple but profound truth. The very
notion of a dipole already implies dq/dt blocking. That is, even
though the two charges are attracting each other, they are not moving
together. This automatically produces a flow of potential and energy.
Also, contrary to
present electrodynamics practice, a potential — simple electrostatic
voltage — is not at all "static" in and of itself. Its
intensity at a fixed point is "static" in that it is not changing in
intensity! The potential is no more static than is the steady light from
a perfect light bulb. Internally, a "static" potential is comprised of
bidirectional EM waves, arranged in precisely coupled pairs, as shown by
Whittaker in 1903. If voltage truly were "static," it could never flow.
A quiet river may have a static magnitude at a given point or points,
but no one would dream of suggesting that the river itself was static.
The magnitude of the potential is not the potential itself! It is
just one attribute of the potential. A static magnitude of the
potential at each and every point it occupies, does not tell one
anything at all as to what the potential itself actually is, or what it
is doing.
Because of its hidden
dynamic composition, the electrostatic scalar voltage will "flow" from
the charged end of a dipole if we extend the charges available to that
end from point charges to line charges; i.e., if we simply "morph and
stretch out" the end charges. If the resulting circuit is open,
the voltage will still flow to the ends, even though (for ideal
conductors) no current dq/dt flows. And we already know from Poynting
theory that a real flow of EM energy of form S = ExH
continually flows along the conductors.
The primary electrical
power source (i.e., the dipole) is not dissipated whenever only
loss-free field energy density S is extracted from it. Any source of
potential is a priori a free source of EM field energy density —
the open-circuit potential and the S flows “for free” and at no
dissipation to the source. The energy is extracted from the vacuum and
flows along the blocked (“open”) circuit wires as lossless flow of
potential onto collectors (such as electron capacitors). Applying this
potential to trapped charges in a capacitive collector allows energy to
be extracted from the vacuum by the source, and furnished to the
collector as excess field energy on the blocked electrical charges of
the collector.
So here we have
extracted a principle: When the dq/dt current is blocked in a conductor,
the conductor can still pass S-flow and the flow of potential.
The current dq/dt is a response of the circuit to the free
EM energy flow impacting the Drude electrons.
With dq/dt
blocked, if voltage (potential) is varied across a coil, normal magnetic
field B is created in the coil by the changing E-field.
Energy is thus stored in the coil in the form of ordinary B-field.
It does not require moving charges dq/dt to create a magnetic field.
As is well known, in the vacuum the magnetic field is continually
created by the varying E-field, and there are no observable
charges q present nor is any dq/dt present.
Further, if the
storage coil is the primary of a transformer, a correspondingly induced
alternating B-field is created in the secondary in normal fashion
as the B-field in the primary is produced in AC fashion. In
short, field energy density flows from the vacuum through the
charge-blocked primary and across to the secondary without work.
In the external circuit on the secondary side, charges need not be
blocked. In that case the excess field energy density and emf cumulated
in the secondary couples to the conduction electrons in the
secondary circuit. In the secondary closed current loop, the coupling-in
(shuttling in) of excess voltage and emf activates the circuit, and
drives electrons around the secondary current loop, passing through the
load and powering it in normal fashion.
None of this load discharge current passes back through the original
source; hence no dissipation of the source occurs, even though the load
is powered. So the charge-blocked and energy-shuttling system in this
case has become a continuous “free power” system, powering a load
without exhausting the primary power source.
In this way the source
will power a load indefinitely. Energy is conserved, but not work. There
is no law of physics that requires work to be conserved!
The laws of physics and thermodynamics are not violated. The dipolar
system is an open system, receiving and extracting usable
EM energy from a recognized source (the virtual photon flux of the
quantum mechanical vacuum).
The continual bidirectional virtual energy exchange between the vacuum
and charged particles in the dipolar separation of charges in the
electrical power source provides a continual inflow and outflow of
vacuum energy.
By charge blocking, this exchange energy flux (potential) is gated by
the circuit wiring (“waveguides”) and moved down the circuit without any
work being done in the source antenna to dissipate its separation of
charges. In the external circuit the energy density is collected as a
finite amount of energy in a finite collector (a coil or a capacitor
whose dielectric cannot undergo strain). By switching the capacitive
collector or by inductive transformer coupling, the collected free
energy is shuttled to a separate circuit and regauges that receiving
circuit. The excess energy now stored in the regauged receiving circuit
is then discharged normally in the load. In either case the “energy
collection” circuit and the “load discharge” circuit are in separately
isolated current loops. The result is a legitimate open system capable
of overunity coefficient of performance (COP), comparable to a heat
pump.
With the forthcoming
closed-loop (self-powering) systems, the applications to portable
systems (power sources, laptops, lights, power tools, radios, TVs,
mobile vehicles, etc.) are enormous. A single auto battery will be
utilized with a charge-blocking/energy shuttling system to power a
large, agile automobile or truck. Once in operation, the battery will be
switched out of the circuit and the system will be self-powered. It will
also be non-polluting. By dramatically reducing the heating problem,
eliminating the need for a connection to an external power source, and
indefinitely extending the “power on” time, these mobile systems will
become dominant.
It appears that the Japanese are already poised
to massively launch this revolution as early as October 1996. [Added]:
As previously stated, this would have
indeed happened, and my colleagues and I would have placed the Kawai
system on the market ourselves, had not Japanese overunity systems been
seized and kept off the market by the Yakuza.1
Adapting Poynting Theory
for dq/dt-Blocked Conducting Circuits
We now examine the
Poynting flow when operating a circuit in a charge-blocking fashion. We
start by examining the standard Poynting theory for loss of field energy
stored in a unit volume, as shown in equation [4]. We again reproduce
the equation here for ease in reading.
| |
1 |
∂ |
|
|
div (S+S')+ |
— |
— |
(B2 + E2)
+ cE(i + i') = 0
[4a] |
| |
8π |
∂t |
|
The Poynting theory of
equation [4] deals with the loss of EM field energy from a unit volume.
It states that the field energy in a unity volume of interest can be
lost by three methods, as previously explained. The three loss terms in
equation [4] do not overtly allow a flow of energy into the unit
volume, except by the divergence loss term becoming negative and hence a
convergence, the field energy loss term becoming negative and hence an
inflow, and the work term for translation of charged particles becoming
negative, in which case the particles are giving up field energy to the
volume.
So as far as
electrical circuits are concerned, the standard Poynting equation is a
very awkward expression, primarily adapted to deal only with energy flow
out of unit volume and through unit area thereof. However, this
shortcoming can be remedied by rewriting the terms so that all
expressions deal both with field energy loss and field energy gain. For
clarity, we use the following word equation shown in Figure 6 for a
change in the field energy stored in a unit volume:
Figure 6 shows the
word equation used to set up the necessary mathematical relationships.
One simply starts with an initial amount of field energy in the unit
volume, then adds all gains and subtracts all losses, to arrive at the
final field energy stored in the unit volume. By definition, we take the
convention that the algebraic sign of gains is positive, and the sign of
losses is negative.
Figure 7 shows the
word equation used to set up the necessary rates of gains or
losses of field energy in a unit volume. By integrating each term over a
definite time t, that term becomes an amount of change after that time t
has elapsed. By then adding the initial EM energy, the final remaining
amount of energy in the unit volume can be ascertained as was shown in
Figure 6.
We take the initial
field energy stored in the unit volume of interest as
where the subscript
zero means initial. We take the amount remaining after the change
as
where the subscript
f means final. The amount gained by inflow is the time integral of
the instantaneous rate of inflow, or
|
∫t |
1 |
∂ |
|
|
— |
— |
(Bin2 + Ein2)
[7] |
|
8π |
∂t |
|
The amount lost by
outflow is the time integral of the instantaneous rate of outflow, or
|
∫t |
1 |
∂ |
|
|
— |
— |
(Bout2 + Eout2)
[8] |
|
8π |
∂t |
|
We shall assume there
is no field divergence loss, since the circuitry wires act as waveguides
and energy transport flow is confined to the waveguides. The loss
in performing work to translate conduction charges is given by the time
integral of the instantaneous rate of loss for conduction charge
translation, which is
∫t
cE ∙ (i + i')
[9]
Note that, if we do
not consider the internal atomic or molecular charge movement, this
reduces to ∫t
cE ∙
(i + i'). Further, if we block the charge flow i, the
remainder of the term reduces to zero.
So with charge
blocking, the instantaneous rate of change of the field energy stored in
the unit volume is just
|
1 |
∂ |
|
1 |
∂ |
|
1 |
∂ |
|
|
— |
— |
(B2 + E2)
= |
— |
— |
(Bin2 + Ein2)
– |
— |
— |
(Bout2 + Eout2)
[10] |
|
8π |
∂t |
|
8π |
∂t |
|
8π |
∂t |
|
In other words, the
situation has reduced to pure energy transport without loss.
Also, among other things this immediately proves that use of dq/dt-blocking
accomplishes regauging of the downstream receiving circuit.
We note that the two
terms on the right side of equation [10] need not be equal. If the
rightmost term is largest, then the stored energy is discharging. If the
leftmost term on the right side of equation [10] is the larger, then the
stored energy is increasing.
When we regauge the
system by injection of excess potential energy, then the leftmost term
on the right side of equation [10] is much larger, and the stored energy
of the system is rapidly increasing. Integrated over the very small but
finite "jump" time dt, equation [10] then gives the total regauging
energy freely added to the system.
We further point out that equation [10] applies to
either an electrical device or a magnetic device, or a combination. If
the current-free field energy is being stored in an inductive collector,
the B-field increase is significant. If the current-free field energy is
being stored in a capacitive collector, the E-field increase is
significant.
dq/dt-Blocking as
Regauging
With dq/dt-blocking,
one may conduct work-free energy flow along electrical circuits without
losses. This energy flow is in the form of d/dt,
or simply put, dV/dt and it automatically involves S-flow and
regauging of the receiving circuitry. It is directly comparable to the
flow of open-circuit voltage down an ideal transmission line with an
open circuit. From the standpoint of gauge field theory, it also
involves a change of gauge in the receiving parts of the system, as we
stated previously.
What is actually being “conducted” is the change in
the rate of virtual photon exchange between the vacuum and
charged particles. If the charges q do not translate (i.e., if their
longitudinal movements are blocked), then
Ñ
(with respect to ground reference) is built up on each of them. That is,
each of them is potentialized to the new potential. In this manner the
energy coming from the vacuum exchange may be captured and stored on
trapped/blocked charges q as excess E-fields between the
potentialized charges and the ground line, and hence as excess field
energy. This is a capacitive-type storage. Taking only voltage
from the power source does not diminish its ability to continue to
furnish such voltage. Adding this voltage V to trapped charges q
produces an energy storage on those charges of Vq. The collector with
its stored energy may then be switched out of the collection circuit and
across a load, where it is discharged normally through the load in a
separate circuit. The collector can then be switched back to the
blocking/collection circuit to collect additional free energy. Obviously
this modality allows overunity COP.
A Transformer Is Already a
Bridge
We have previously
explained the collection and shuttling of excess free energy S-flow
using transformer coupling, and step-up transformers for amplification.
Coverage for these areas was included in our patent application of
February 1994 and continuation of May 1994. Additional coverage was
included in our patent application of June 1995 and our provisional
patent application of July 1995.
This current-free energy flow for regauging the
downstream circuitry does not dissipate the power source furnishing the
potential and S-flow. One can draw nondiverging field energy from
any source of potential indefinitely, without dropping the potential of
the source. As we stated, this is because internally the
"electrostatic" scalar potential is a bidirectional flow process,
not a “static” thing as it is treated in electrostatics.
In fact, any scalar EM potential may be considered as an infinite sum of
a harmonic series of hidden bidirectional EM wavepairs, where each pair
consists of the wave and its phase conjugate (time-reversed) replica
wave.
There Are Also
Gravitational Aspects
Via the distortion
correction theorem
of nonlinear optics, a true phase conjugate wave will precisely
superpose spatially with its stimulus wave, but the two are a
priori antiposed in the time dimension. This means that the
individual moving EM force components of the two waves are seen to
“cancel” electromagnetically, insofar as the external observer is
concerned, but their energy components remain and add.
Hence the special
“standing wave” that results from this novel superposition is a true
electrogravitational standing wave of the variation in virtual
photon flux density — and hence in the local stress energy density — of
the vacuum/spacetime itself. It is well-known in general relativity that
all potentials are gravitational in that they contain trapped energy,
and in the modern view it is energy that is gravitational a
priori. The Whittaker mechanism, however, reveals the nature of the
trapped EM energy in the potential, as well as the nature of the
trapping mechanism.
Sweet and Bearden have previously released the results of a successful
antigravity experiment using this aspect.
In our 1994 patent
application and continuation, we showed methodologies and embodiments of
the fundamental process for use of charge blocking to obtain overunity
electrical power systems. Our fundamental claims apply to the use of any
charge-blocking mechanism, such as use of a Fogal charge-blocking
semiconductor, to achieve overunity by energy (potential) storage and
shuttling to achieve overunity coefficient of performance (COP).
Disclosure of part of the mechanisms and embodiments were made in
February 1993,
and additional disclosure presentations were made at a scientific
symposium in May 1994.
Since then our additional patent applications have materially extended
the theory, the processes utilized, and the typical embodiments.
The Magnetic Wankel Engine
See
Figure 8 for the
principle of the magnetic Wankel engine.
Here a set of permanent magnets, each at an angle to the various radial
lines of the device, comprises a slightly widening spiral stator that is
"almost" circular but not quite. A circular rotor is mounted inside this
spiral stator. An end gap exists in the stator as shown, so that the
stator is not a complete closed ring. The direction of rotation for the
rotor is clockwise as shown. For demonstration of the principle, the
beginning air gap is 0.1 mm and the ending air gap is 5 mm.
A permanent magnet is
mounted along the perimeter of an angular sector of the rotor. It is
magnetized, say, with the north pole facing radially outwards, and the
south pole facing radially inside. In the stator, the permanent magnet
north poles are facing radially in toward the rotor, but at an angle,
and the south poles are facing radially outside but at an angle.
Thus tangentially
the north pole of the rotor is in a nonlinear magnetic field, and it
will experience a clockwise force and acceleration from position 1
(where the air gap is the minimum) to position 2 (where the air gap
reaches maximum).
If this were all there
was to it, the magnetic Wankel motor would not be overunity because the
tangential field is conservative. When the rotor crossed the end gap in
the stator between point 2 and point 1, very sharp and dynamic braking
work would be done back upon the rotor magnet by the field of the stator
magnets at point 1. This braking work would precisely equal the amount
of dynamic acceleration work that was done in accelerating the rotor
magnet from position 1 to position 2, in accordance with equation [1]
shown previously. For an absolutely frictionless machine with no losses,
the coefficient of performance (COP) would be 1.0. Since any real
machine will have at least some friction and drag, the actual COP would
be less than 1.0.
Let us now utilize the
notion of the magnetostatic scalar potential to examine a new situation
in the end gap.
Technically, let us
regard a single unit north pole in the rotor, going from position 1 to
position 2 (the acceleration cycle, where the engine will deliver shaft
horsepower against a load), and then from position 2 to position 1
(where the magnetostatic scalar potential must be regauged to equal or
exceed the potential at position 1, in order for the rotor to continue
unabated or even further accelerate. I.e., in the separation gap, a
regauging operation must be done so that the "stator to inner" potential
is increased equal to or exceeding the "stator to inner" potential of
position 1. In normal machines, the regauging part of the cycle is
always where the design engineer forcibly input energy from outside the
system to do physical work on the machine to forcibly "reset" its
energy storage back to initial conditions. In the past engineers have
automatically assumed COP<1.0 without exception, since their forcible
RESET work was always equal to the maximum theoretical energy
output to the load during the motor part of the cycle from point 1 to
point 2.
So we simply must
perform the regauging or RESET of the system's energy storage,
without performing tangential "drag" work on the rotor. For that
purpose, an electromagnet is utilized to fill the end gap in the stator,
arranged so that when it is activated its north pole will face radially
inward. A small current activates the coil weakly, through a distributor
with breaker points. At the proper timing (i.e., when the rotor is
directly opposite the electromagnet pole piece, a set of ignition points
is sharply broken in the circuit with the coil of the electromagnet.
Momentarily, a very high potential will appear at the end of the coil as
the collapsing field is highly amplified and trying to sustain the
previous current in its previous direction. The end result is the
formation of a strong magnetostatic scalar potential (pole), of north
polarity, on the stator pole piece facing the rotor. Note that no radial
work can be done on either the stator pole piece or the rotor by this
high potential, because they cannot move radially.
The potential in the
end gap is now higher than the potential at position one. Consequently a
clockwise tangential force field exists between the end gap potential
and the lower potential at position one. A clockwise tangential force
therefore appears upon the rotor, and the rotor is accelerated
and "boosted" out of the stator gap and back past point 1. At that point
the electromagnet has lost its potential, but the engine has now been
regauged and now is in the clockwise acceleration field of the
rotor-stator permanent magnets.
In short, the rotor
perceived the sudden change of magnetostatic scalar potential from the
electromagnet in the stator gap as a pseudo-MVP, and the system received
a sharp influx of potential energy, without work except for that lost in
the electromagnet circuitry. Since that loss can be made quite nominal
by conventional electronic practices, the engine permissibly provides
COP>1.0. It can therefore be rigged to power itself and a load
simultaneously.
Placed in an electric
vehicle with necessary switching circuitry and ancillary equipment, a
properly designed magnetic Wankel engine and its derivatives should be
ca
