ANNOTATED GLOSSARY

T. E. Bearden 1997, slightly updated Dec. 2000
Latest editing and additions: 12th April, 2003

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Foreword

This is an informal glossary originally prepared in 1997 for Gary Hawkins to use on his web site, and informal definitions and discussions were rather quickly jotted down in 1997.  We have been able to do a little updating now in Dec. 2000.  Careful crafting and polishing for greater rigor would require much more time than I am able to spare, but perhaps the glossary can be helpful anyway.

We put in the gist of it, as we see it, and usually an annotation or commentary to explain it. We tried to put in sufficient explanations and a few references, so that the reader can see for himself or herself that physics, mathematics, and even logic itself are not quite as cut and dried as is often presented!

The only thing we absolutely insist on, that differs from the normal physics and engineering approach, is that any true definition must be an identity statement a priori. In this view, since no equation is an identity, then no equation is a definition; regardless of those "equations" universally advanced in physics as "definitions." All an equation states is that the magnitude of the somethings on the right is equal to the magnitude of the somethings on the left. It does not at all define any of the somethings on either right or left!  I've completed as much as I have time for now, and made some additions and corrections to the 1997 version.  As time permits, we will try to add some more in the future . I hope these hasty comments are helpful, and any errors in them are my own and not due to Gary Hawkins or to Tony Craddock!

Tom Bearden, Dec. 2000

 

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MATH AND SINGLE CHARACTER ABBREVIATIONS

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 f    The electrostatic scalar potential, in units of joule per collecting coulomb.

Ñ    The mathematical operator 'del'.

Ñf    The gradient of the function f , mathematically.

In EM theory, use of the del operator produces an electric field E given by E = - Ñf . An electrical field is also generated by the time rate of change of the magnetic vector potential A, where it is given by E = - dA/dt.  Note that we have used that fact to assist us in producing the motionless electromagnetic generator (MEG), with COP = 16 as of this writing.

fq    Joules of energy collected by a charge of q coulombs in an electrostatic scalar potential

        having a reaction cross section of f.

Since the collected energy is also usually the energy that can then be dissipated as work, this expression often yields the work performed in the circuit by the energy the surface charges collected from that part of the S-flow in contact with the conductors and components.

df /dt    Time rate of change of the scalar potential.

Also one form of displacement current.

dE/dt    Time rate of change of the E-field.

Also one form of displacement current.

dp/dt    Time rate of change of momentum, which is a force F acting upon the system.

A force is defined as a time rate of change of momentum, or F = dp/dt.

dP/dt    Time rate of change of polarization.

Polarization displacement current.

dq/dt    Time rate of change of charge, otherwise known as "current".

Represents the normal current flow i of charges in a conductor, i.e., i = dq/dt.

dq/dt-Isolated Load Loop    A special current loop containing the load,

...where i = dq/dt in that "load loop" is isolated from the current i = dq/dt in the source loop containing the power source, and the two loops are also field-coupling isolated.  A transformer, e.g., does isolate the actual current in the secondary from the current in the primary, but the field coupling from primary to secondary and from secondary back to primary result in the enforcement of COP = 1.0 as the maximum performance possible (in a perfect, lossless standard transformer).  In a real standard transformer with some losses, COP<1.0.

The notion is that, even though current cannot pass from the source loop to the load loop and there is no direct field coupling, energy density flow S = E´H can pass. This is in fact the definition of what we call bridging, if in addition to current isolation the rigid back-field coupling is broken between energy dissipation (power) in the source loop and energy dissipation (power) in the load loop. In that fashion, overunity operation of the load can readily be achieved.

E    Electric Field. 

Defined in older classical electromagnetics (CEM)  as a force field, by E º F/q.   However, this only defines the entity after an interaction with mass.  In short, it defines the E-field as an effect existing only in matter.

In the early days of electrodynamics, Maxwell and the other "founding fathers" assumed a material ether filling all space.  Hence any field in space was indeed such an "effect" field existing in mass.  Maxwell died in 1879 of stomach cancer.   In the 1880s, the Michelson-Morley experiments falsified the luminiferous (material) ether as a material medium.  Hence the accepted use of the E = F/q type of "effect" electrical field as the electric field in space was also destroyed, but the equations were never changed to eliminate this error in the foundations of CEM.  Instead, electrodynamicists more or less announced one day that, "Since there is no (material) ether, we are not using one!"

There is some rationalization mathematically for such an approach, if the limiting process is used for the interaction of the "causal field" in vacuum with the charged mass q, as q is allowed to approach zero.  However, from a foundations view, it is still the interaction of the field in space with charged mass that is being described in the limit, and therefore it is still the "effect" entity rather than the "cause" entity.

This serious foundations problem is still unresolved in much of CEM theory and modeling to this day.  The standard by which other EM texts are measured is J. D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, 2nd edition, Wiley, New York, 1975.  In several places, Jackson opts for this avoidance of the use of the " effect" field for the "cause" field: quoting p. 28:  "...the thing that eventually gets measured is a force..."  "At the moment, the electric field can be defined as the force per unit charge acting at a given point.  It is a vector function of position, denoted by E."  Quoting p. 249:  "Most classical electrodynamicists continue to adhere to the notion that the EM force field exists as such in the vacuum, but do admit that physically measurable quantities such as force somehow involve the product of charge and field."

The problem is further increased by use of this flawed definition of E-field to "define" the electrostatic scalar potential (Jackson, p. 34) by the equation E = -Ñf.   First, no equation is a definition; it merely equates the magnitude of the entities on the left of the = sign to the magnitude of the entities on the right of the = sign.  It has nothing at all to say about the definition or nature of any of the entities, but is merely a comparison of relative magnitudes.  Any definition, a priori, must be expressed by an identity sign.  In all of classical electrodynamics, there is no available proper definition of (x) in the identity  E º (x).  Indeed, there is no such identity available for force F.  To quote Feynman: "…in dealing with force the tacit assumption is always made that the force is equal to zero unless some physical body is present… One of the most important characteristics of force is that it has a material origin, and this is not just a definition. … If you insist upon a precise definition of force, you will never get it!"  Richard P. Feynman, Robert B. Leighton, and Matthew Sands, Lectures on Physics, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, Vol. 1, 1964, p. 12-2.

In the Sachs unified field theory, O(3) electrodynamics as spearheaded by Evans is an important subset.  Hence in that approach there is a solution to the problem of defining force and field.  The EM fields (E, B, etc.) when in spacetime, are in fact curvatures of spacetime identically.  When these ST curvatures interact with a charged mass, the effects of the interactions are the well-known force-fields in matter, which Maxwell started with in the 1860s.  So in this way, the definition problem can be rigorously resolved.

jf   The Slepian vector, representing the time rate of energy density dissipation in the current

      loop containing the jf.

This does not at all represent the energy flow in space and along the outside of the circuit, which may be very, very much greater, on the order of 1013 times as great.  It does match the Poynting energy flow component that enters the circuit.

Mq or mq    The mass of a charge q.

Instead of just using "q" and assuming it to be unitary, we must include the fact that charge is a system of two coupled components: (i) the mass mq of the charge q, and (ii) the virtual photon flux exchange (i.e., fq) of the charge q with the surrounding active vacuum. In particle physics it is already well-known that there is no symmetry of a mass system anyway, unless the vacuum's exchange with the mass is included. So the expression mqfq captures the vacuum-mass exchange. By continuing to assume that charge is unitary, physics inadvertently holds to the hoary old notion of the luminiferous ether (thin material ether) that permeates all of space. Maxwell and other electrical physicists of his time believed in a material ether, and Maxwell embedded that notion in EM theory. Inexplicably it has not been rooted out of the equations to this day, even though the notion of the material ether (not the ether per se!) was destroyed by the Michelson-Morley experiment over 100 years ago. Foundations physicists continue to point out such terrible defects in physics—and continue to be ignored. We quote Mario Bunge, "A mathematical theory of the dimensions and units of physical quantities," in Problems in the Foundations of Physics, edited by Mario Bunge, Springer-Verlag, Berlin and New York, 1971, p. 7: "The question 'What are dimensions?' is seen to be ill conceived, for there are two concepts of dimension, namely those of dimension function and dimension value. The correct question is: 'What are [] and d?' " {Note: [] is dimension function, and d is dimension value.}  Bunge is clearly discriminating between the function associated with the dimension, and the magnitude associated with it

Quoting Bunge, ibid., p. 8: "The concept of a unit is one of those scientific notions that has remained obscure for want of a theory and excess of a coarse philosophy. Indeed we know how to manipulate units but we do not seem to know what kind of mathematical object they are. As a consequence units are sometimes confused with dimensions, at other times with standards, and they are often introduced in relation to measurement rather than to concept formulation."

And quoting Mario Bunge, Foundations of Physics, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1967, p. 176: "Different theories of CED [Classical Electrodynamics] are called for, both for charged particles that can to a first approximation be regarded as electromagnetically structureless (e.g., the electron and the m -meson) and for extended systems with a charge distribution and spin (e.g., the proton). If fairly satisfactory classical theories were available they could guide the construction of the corresponding quantum theories. But no such theories are in sight partly because it is not usually acknowledged that electrodynamics, both classical and quantal, are in a sad state."

Again, Bunge, ibid., p. 182: "...the best modern physicist is the one who acknowledges that neither classical nor quantum physics are cut and dried, both being full of holes and in need of a vigorous overhauling not only to better cover their own domains but also to join smoothly so as to produce a coherent picture of the various levels of physical reality."

c    The speed of light in ambient vacuum.

To discuss the speed of light, we point out that the vacuum is highly energetic, as has been shown in modern physics.  Since the vacuum has an energy density, it can be modeled as a "potential" and particularly as a scalar EM potential for EM purposes.  Contrary to convention, we recognize that the local energy density of the ambient vacuum potential can vary, including seasonally within and close to the solar system, etc.   The average energy density of the vacuum in space far from charged masses such as stars and planets may be assumed as a "standard vacuum potential", and if this potential is equated with the notion of "flat spacetime", then an increase in this vacuum potential is an increase in the local energy density of spacetime, and hence represents a curvature of the standard flat spacetime.

In fact the interplanetary radar probes' "ranges" do show precisely such variation in the speed of light, with weekly and monthly and seasonal variations, etc. In order to comply with the nearly universal assumption in physics with respect to the constancy of c, the scientific staffs averaged the readings over the entire month. This zeroed out the variations, upheld the notion that space is a fixed type of thing, and that the speed of light in it is also a rigidly fixed constant.  It does not agree with the actual measured speed of light from day to day.

The Russians have known and openly printed for about a century that the speed of light in a hard vacuum in deep space, far removed from solar and planetary masses, is a little slower than the speed of light in a hard vacuum near the Earth or any other large charged mass. The huge collection of charged particles in the earth have tiny separations, so that looking at the Earth as a collection of tiny dipoles, one sees a collection of enormous 4-symmetry energy flows from the time domain to the 3-space domain (and vice versa for the time-reversed portions). The increased intensity of this 4-symmetry energy flux in the vicinity of a massive planet or sun changes the local energy density of the vacuum itself, increasing it in that vicinity.

Without elaboration, we will also point out that the Earth and its dynamics structures the local spacetime and the spacetime out to some distance.  So do all other planets, stars, etc.  By whatever manner we model the cosmos as having been created or initiated, the dynamics and structuring of all the phenomena occurring in the universe is further impressed in the infolded electrodynamics inside the vacuum potential. 

The "laws of nature" in one sense represent the most general results of the reactions of this internally structured "common standard spacetime" or "standard vacuum potential" with the various physical systems, devices, and measuring instruments utilized in our experiments, etc.  If one deterministically alters the structuring of the local spacetime, one can have a system which will function there in a certain marvelous manner, but will not function that way elsewhere.  Some decades ago, I participated in experiments by Golden which over a period of some five years did condition (dimension) the local vacuum potential.  The result was an engine which consistently exhibited COP = 1.67 at that location, but when moved several hundred miles exhibited COP<1.0. Frank and I were made aware of this "vacuum conditioning" effect by Prof. William Tiller, who had himself conducted experiments exhibiting just such an effect over several years.

EM waves in vacuum are actually longitudinal (sound-type) waves, but we do not belabor the point since everything out there in the normal literature uses the transverse EM wave model for the EM wave in space.  Also, the transverse wave is indeed what is detected in the interacting electron gas in our measurement instruments—whose Drude electrons are restrained to simple drift velocity longitudinally down the conductor, but are spinning and are free to precess like gyros.  So our instruments detect the Drude electron precessions at right angles to the incoming disturbing longitudinal force field, which means that they do indeed measure a transverse wave.  However, these are actually the electron precession waves in the detector, and not the actual EM waves in space.  See my paper, "Giant Negentropy from the Common Dipole", Journal of New Energy, 5(1), Summer 2000, p. 11-23 for a discussion of how all EM energy comes from the time domain, via the broken 3-symmetry of the source charge or source dipole, and is emitted in 3-space in all directions as longitudinal EM waves.  This is based on rigorous demonstration by E.T. Whittaker, "On the Partial Differential Equations of Mathematical Physics," Math. Ann., Vol. 57, 1903, p. 333-355 that the scalar potential is a harmonic set of phase conjugate longitudinal EM wave pairs.  We merely applied the Whittaker decomposition to the scalar potential of a source dipole or of a  source charge, and the rigorous proof that EM waves in space are longitudinal directly emerges.

Just as sound speeds up, say, in steel as a denser medium than air, the EM "sound waves" in the ambient vacuum potential speed up when that vacuum potential's flux density is increased. Consequently light does move a little faster in a hard vacuum on Earth than it does in deep space, because the vacuum itself has higher energy density near the earth than in deep space. The comings and goings and orbitings of planets and the solar mass, etc. do affect the local energy density of the vacuum between the planets, and hence the speed of light through that interplanetary space.

So the interplanetary radar does show the periodic variations of the local energy density of vacuum that are induced by these factors. For a critical paper on this, see Bryan G. Wallace, "The Unified Quantum Electrodynamic Ether," Foundations of Physics, 3(3), Sept. 1973, p. 381-388. His discussion of the interplanetary radar measurements of Venus, which did not fit relativity, are particularly interesting, with respect to his finding that the data were simply "averaged" to eliminate the variations and hence the diurnal, lunar, and synodic periodic components actually measured in the variations of the speed of light. See particularly Bryan G. Wallace, "The great speed of light in space cover-up." Scientific Ethics, 1(1), Feb. 1985. p. 2-3; — "Radar Testing of the Relative Velocity of Light in Space," Spectrosc. Lett. Vol. 2, 1969. p. 361.

Rigorously, the field is "defined" in electrodynamics as the effect of an interaction of the force-free entity (4-spatial!) existing prior to the interaction, with a 3-dimensional static charge.  This means that the field as originally defined is an effect and not a cause.  To then use it as the cause is a grave non sequitur. 

This confusion of cause and effect is widespread in physics. It was probably initiated by the hoary old assumption several hundred years ago that a separate force acts upon a separate mass, which is false.  In fact mass is a component of force,  since
F
º d/dt(mv) = m(dv/dt + v(dm/dt). As can be seen, in both expanded terms there exists a mass term.  To skirt the issue, electrodynamicists have simply found a neat statement that "in massfree space the field continues to exist, but the force is zero."  We point out that m = 0 makes the momentum vanish, and so F vanishes, and in the definition of E = F/q also vanishes because the numerator F becomes zero.  Therefore that E-field vanishes.

Feynman and Wheeler pointed out that the field as it is defined does not and cannot exist in massless space.  Only the "potential" for the field exists there, in case some charged mass is brought in to interact with that entity that does exist there.  That is accurate, since spacetime is totally a potential and any "change" in spacetime is a change in that potential a priori.  In the Sachs-Evans unified field theory, this problem is resolved because the fundamental field is defined as a spacetime curvature (change in spacetime, hence change in the ST potential) rather than E = F/q.

In empty space there are always myriads upon myriads of interfering fields and potentials, from charges all over the universe, via Puthoff's cosmological feedback principle [see
H. E. Puthoff, "Source of Vacuum Electromagnetic Zero-point Energy," Physical Review A, 40(9), Nov. 1, 1989, p. 4857-4862.] Thus any EM wave traveling through space is always involved in enormously active interferometry. This alone results in violent momentary variations in the speed of that wave, even from 0.01 c to 100.00 c. For a paper showing this kind of "galloping" travel of an EM wave, see William G. Harter, John Evans, Roberto Vega, and Sanford Wilson, "Galloping waves and their relativistic properties," American Journal of Physics, 53(7), July 1985, p. 671-679. While the average speed of the wave is c(
g ), where g is the local energy density of the vacuum, the instantaneous speeds of the wave vary violently from instant to instant.

In special relativity, "velocity" merely is a rotation angle of the moving frame from the fixed laboratory observer's frame.  The speed "c" merely represents a full right-angle turn away, toward the time-dimension (since other than the 3 spatial dimensions that is the only other dimension available to turn toward).  In higher dimensional space, there are many other "higher" dimensions toward which further rotation can be accomplished.  Hence rotating in n-space is not limited to a single orthogonal turn, and therefore velocities are not limited to speed c.  However, each orthogonal rotation also subtracts one spatial dimension of the rotated object from the observer's 3-space. One rotation would be speed c, two departing rotations would be speed c2, three would give c3, etc.  At three orthorotations, to the lab observer the rotated object is now purely an internal structure inside his time dimension, very similar to a mental object (mind is time-like, not spacelike).  The nature of mind and its operations has a rather unexpected connection with matter, when one considers such orthorotations in hyperspace.

The point is, the speed c is not an "iron dictum" of nature, nor is it an "unchangeable constant"!  Nature herself routinely violates that notion.  As an example, de Broglie waves from any mass always move at v>c, and easily as v>>c.  EM "surface" waves—so-called transverse oscillations or upheavals and depressions in the magnitude (energy density; actually the reaction cross section) of the local ambient vacuum potential), move at a discretized average speed c(g ). The longitudinal component, if freed from the transverse component, can move much faster because it is a sort of "tunneling" movement. In actual quantum tunneling experiments, e.g., music (Mozart's 40th symphony) has been transmitted through quantum mechanical tunneling between two separated points at speed v>4c. Fogal is likely to eventually place a superluminal communication system on the commercial market.  We discuss superluminal communication elsewhere in this glossary.

C    Capacitance.  Essentially, the charge per unit potential.

For an isolated conductor, C = Q/V and C is expressed in farads.  A farad is one coulomb per volt.

A lower case c represents the speed of light in ambient vacuum.

E    The electric field.  Essentially, E =F/q, but that is not really a definition.

Conventionally, the units of electric field are considered to be force per unit electric charge; i.e., force per coulomb.  Note that the E-field even in this "classical definition" does not actually exist at a point unless there is a unit point charge (a point coulomb of charged mass) located at the point.  Hence contrary to classical electrodynamics, communications theory, and whatnot, no electric force field (and no magnetic force field either) exists in the vacuum, at least of the kind prescribed by Maxwell's equations and by the Heaviside-Hertz reduction of Maxwell's equations. Since Maxwell assumed it, these equations and models all still erroneously assume a material ether filling the vacuum, in which case there would be matter and charges, and there would then be force-fields in the vacuum.  We refer the interested reader to discussions by Feynman and by Wheeler.  Quoting: "One of the most important characteristics of force is that it has a material origin, and this is not just a definition. Y If you insist upon a precise definition of force, you will never get it! " [Richard P. Feynman, Robert B. Leighton, and Matthew Sands, Lectures on Physics, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, Vol. 1, 1964, p. 12-2.]

Even worse, note that E = F/q defines not the magnitude of the field in space, but has to do with the divergence of energy from the field around a unit point static charge there in space, as well as the pattern of the diverged energy density.  Actually, what is used as "the electric field" itself is the reaction cross section of the field, for a unit point static coulomb of charge.  That is at best a function of the "field density" or "field intensity" of the actual electrical field in spacetime, and the direction and pattern of change of that field density due to the intercepting and diverting charge.

The field problem is resolved in the forefronts of electrodynamics by making the field a topological function.  It is resolved in the Sachs-Evans O(3) electrodynamics (as a subset of Sachs' unified field theory) by making the field a function of the curvature of spacetime.

See also the discussion under c, above.

H    Magnetic field strength.

B    The B-field (loosely), or magnetic flux density (more properly).

Conventionally, this is thought to be defined, analogously to E, by the force it exerts. The force exerted on a point charge moving in the magnetic field B is at right angles to the velocity vector of the charge and also at right angles to B. Actually, the H-field was originally named the magnetic field and the B-field was named the magnetic induction (and is still sometimes called that.) This is an annoyance because it is B which involves the force, and hence B should be named the magnetic field. Other writers have noted this discrepancy, and Sommerfeld called H the magnetic excitation—which correctly describes its role—rather than calling it the magnetic field. As the reader can see, lots of things in electrical physics are still very untidy!  There are also different ways to approach the EM modeling problem.  In Kaluza-Klein unified field theory, all electromagnetics is modeled in the 5th dimension, which is wrapped around each and every point in our normal 3-dimensional space.

For practical use, a far better approach is the O(3) symmetry electrodynamics spearheaded by Myron Evans, which is also an important subset of Mendel Sachs' unified field theory.  In the Sachs-Evans unified theory, electromagnetics has become general relativity and general relativity has become electromagnetics.  Further, very powerful general relativity can now be directly engineered with this O(3) electrodynamics, as it further develops.  We refer the reader to "The New Maxwell Electrodynamic Equations: New Tools for New Technologies.  A Collection of 60 Papers from the Alpha Foundation's Institute for Advanced Study," Special Issue of Journal of New Energy, 4(3), Winter 1999, 335 p.  Also, particularly see Contemporary Optics and Electrodynamics, edited by Myron W. Evans, a special topical issue of  I. Prigogine and S. A. Rice (series editors), Advances in Chemical Physics, Wiley, 2001 (in publication).  Evans gives a very long and detailed presentation, "O(3) Electrodynamics", in that publication, and also gives the paper "The Link Between the Sachs and O(3) Theories of Electrodynamics".

Q    A quantity of electrical charge.  Note that this statement does not define charge q itself.

We have tentatively proposed to redefine charge q as q º mqfq. The term fq captures the vacuum's violent virtual energy interaction with the mass mq of the charge, which is presently missing in classical EM theory and is an exceeding great flaw of omission. Further, fq may be decomposed into a harmonic series of phase conjugate wavepairs, as shown by Whittaker, 1903, ibid.  [In O(3) electrodynamics, the internal structuring is dramatically extended, so that one can get at the "inner electrodynamics" necessary to explain such things as homeopathy, chi, ki, prana, etc. 

To those scientists pooh-poohing such things as acupuncture, we point out that acupuncture in a dramatic case can allow a person without anesthetic to undergo a major operation with chest cavity opened, while the patient remains alert, conscious, and talking.  President Nixon's physician on Nixon's trip to China witnessed such an actual operation, as well as other things.  Nothing in our vaunted Western medical science can equal that, nor can any of our medical schools, nor can our National Academy of Science or our National Science Foundation.  In short, acupuncture alone demonstrates how woefully inadequate our medical science actually is. 

Also, acupuncture works on animals as well, so it does not involve hypnosis or deep suggestion.  In science, we must believe the repeatable experiment, not our dogma at the moment.  Yet the entire U.S. medical research community has no higher symmetry EM investigation of how acupuncture works, or of the infolded electrodynamics shown by Whittaker's decomposition of the scalar potential in 1903.  Hence our scientists totally miss the vast electrodynamics of the internal structuring of potential and charge with vacuum engines (spacetime curvature engines).  As a result, the entire U.S. scientific and intelligence communities were totally unable to comprehend nearly five decades of Russian induction of health changes and diseases in personnel in the U.S. Embassy in Moscow, using weak EM radiation.  Internal structuring of the activity producing what is called "charge"—including its internal structuring and engines—can be modeled and in theory directly engineered in the new Sachs-Evans approach.] 

As shown in my paper, "Giant Negentropy from the Common Dipole," Journal of New Energy, 5(1), Summer 2000, p. 11-23, the broken 3-symmetry energy flow of any charge and any dipole allows a more fundamental 4-symmetry energy flow solution for the century-old problem of explaining the actual source of the EM energy that pours out of the source charge in all directions in 3-space.  The 4-symmetry in EM energy flow explains its nature as longitudinal EM waves, with the charge's absorbed energy being received from the time domain (complex plane), transduced into 3-space, and emitted in 3-space.  The source of all EM energy at any point in 3-space is the time domain! 

It has been known for decades in particle physics that there exists no equilibrium in mass systems, unless the interaction of the vacuum with the masses is included.  It has also been known that every charge and every dipole is a broken 3-symmetry in the fierce vacuum energy exchange with the charge or dipole.  Yet the vacuum interaction—and specifically the source charge's and the source dipole's broken symmetry in it—are not even included in classical EM as yet.  That this known total glitch in modern EM theory has not been previously corrected, when the particle physicists of every university physics department of note already know it is necessary, is inexplicable!  Here we must regretfully point out finger at our orthodox scientific establishment, and particularly at our National Science Foundation and our  National Academy of Science.  These institutions are not even working on, nor are they aware of, nor do they even care about, the most fundamental science problems of our time.  Bigger accelerators, yes.  Windmills, yes.  EM energy from the vacuum and electrical power systems which use it without destroying the source dipole, no.  The greatest of all electrodynamics—the infolded longitudinal EM wave dynamics inside all EM fields, potentials, and waves—no.  The correction of the dozens of major flaws and non sequiturs in classical electromagnetics, no.  The understanding of the longitudinal EM wave interferometer weapons and quantum potential weapons already arrayed against us, no.  The development of EM healing based on the Priore approach, which would totally revolutionize medical therapy and handle attacks on our cities by weapons of mass destruction, no.

We have a scientific mindset problem of epochal magnitude.  And that costs the U.S. taxpayers hundreds of billions of dollars spent on the "status quo" or "business as usual" scientific endeavors that are far inferior to what can be done.

S    Entropy.  A quantity which measures the extent to which the energy of a system is available
      to do work.

Since in one sense energy is a function of ordering, then fundamentally, entropy refers to increasing disorder, which means increasing disruption of the ordering in our collected energy.  Unfortunately, entropy is one of those concepts in physics for which there are several differing major views.  We avoid all discussion of "information" etc., and prefer to deal only with the energy and time aspects.  For our work in energy from the vacuum, we take the very simple view that an entropic process is like a positive resistor: As forward observer time passes, the entropic process continually disorders or "loses"—from further controlled conversion of energy form—the collected energy in the system.  We regard a negentropic process as like a negative resistor: as forward observer time passes, the negentropic process  receives energy in a form unusable to us, transforms, it, and outputs it in a form that is usable.  Quoting Ilya Prigogine, Irreversibility as a symmetry-breaking process," Nature, Vol. 246, 1973, p. 70:  "Entropy Ycannot in general be expressed in terms of observables such as temperature and density.  This is only possible in the neighbourhood of equilibriumY  It is only then that both entropy and entropy production acquire a macroscopic meaning." 

So basically, the notion of entropy will apply when we have a system in equilibrium or very near equilibrium.  For open systems in substantial disequilibrium, the entropy cannot even be computed, and the classical equilibrium thermodynamics with its infamous second law does not apply.  On the other hand, the loading of disequilibrium (negentropic) EM systems is a very nonlinear affair.  Some direct indications of this were in the Russian work in the 1930s which produced overunity and self-powering EM generators, in several physics institute.  [E.g., see L. I. Mandelstam and N. D. Papaleksi., "On the parametric excitation of electric oscillations," Zhurnal Teknicheskoy Fiziki, 4(1), 1934, p. 5-29.  English translation, Feb. 1968, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Livermore, CA, performed for NASA].  The U.S. researcher G. Obolensky also has done appreciable important experimental investigation of the nonlinear load effects for negentropic systems.

S    Poynting energy density flow.  Not the overall or total energy flow by any means, but
      just that component of it that   is intercepted, diverged, collected, and used, where S is given
      by S = E
´H.

The energy flow theory is rather thoroughly fouled, and has been since the 1880s when the flow of energy through space was proposed by both Heaviside and Poynting, independently and essentially simultaneously.

Since both E and H are defined not as fields per se, but as the reaction cross section of the fields with a unit charge, the S does not refer to "energy flow" per se, but to the intercepted component of the overall energy flow.

Poynting only considered the energy flow component around a circuit  that strikes the circuit's surface charges and gets diverged into the conductors to power the electrons.  Heaviside, on the other hand, also considered the startlingly enormous additional EM energy flow filling all space around the circuit's conductors, generally parallel to the conductors but missing them. 

This huge Heaviside component is still there around every electrical circuit, but almost entirely ignored and unaccounted.  It misses the circuit, passes on off into space, and is lost in most circuits.  Yet it is trillions of times larger in magnitude than the very tiny Poynting component which actually gets intercepted, "caught" and used by the circuit to power its loads and losses. 

Since no one could explain where on earth such an enormous nondiverged Heaviside component pouring out of the power source terminals could possibly come from, Lorentz—reasoning that, since the nondiverged energy flow did not do anything, it was "physically insignificant" (Lorentz' term)—then just integrated the energy flow vector around a little closed surface assumed around every volume element of interest.  This efficiently discards the Heaviside nondiverged component from all accountability, leaving only the Poynting energy flow component vector accounted.  Of course the Poynting energy flow will agree with the energy measured in the circuit, since we actually measure energy dissipation, and the energy that dissipates from the circuit must have first entered it.  Electrodynamicists today just continue to use Lorentz's integration of the energy flow vector around an assumed closed surface surrounding any volume element of interest.  Thus, sadly our electrical power system engineers unwittingly waste trillions of times more EM energy actually produced from the vacuum by the source dipoles in their generators, than what the feeble powerline is able to intercept and utilize.

We have nominated the vast unaccounted Heaviside energy flow accompanying every field and charge interaction as the source of the extra gravity known to be present in the arms of the spiral galaxies and holding them together.  See my paper, "Dark Matter or Dark Energy?", Journal of New Energy, 4(4), Spring 2000, p. 4-11.  Informally we have also nominated this dark Heaviside energy which fills all space, as associated with the "quintessence" energy that is responsible for the recently discovered antigravitational acceleration of the universe.  In this view the giant negentropy process associated with charge (see my "Giant Negentropy of the Common Dipole" paper, ibid.) is ongoing in all the stars, galaxies, planets, nebulae, and other astronomical entities.  The ordinary energy we measure in all these processes is gravitational; hence for symmetry and energy conservation, the primary longitudinal EM wave energy from the time domain that furnishes the energy to all these spatially energetic processes represents an increasing curvature of spacetime in the time domain as we travel outward from any origin point.   This is an antigravitational force, in this concept, which is cumulative as a function of radial distance from the origin point.  Hence we see the distant parts of the universe as accelerating the expansion of the universe.  At present this is of course an hypothesis, and must be further validated by laboratory experiment and further theoretical work in a unified field theory electrodynamics such as the Sachs-Evans O(3) symmetry electrodynamics.

S-flow is actually comprised of an organized, structured flow of virtual photons or antiphotons and itself is not observable. Its interaction with charged particles (electrical charges and magnetic poles), however, is observable by the amount of energy  collected upon (diverged around) the charge or pole (formation of a local potential), and formation of a translation force upon the charge or pole.

Again, the "E" and the "H" in the expression "E´H" are not really the "electrical field" and "magnetic field" in space, but only their reaction cross sections at each point in space, should a little unit point static coulomb be placed at that point to divert some of the E-field flow around it, or a little unit point static magnetic charge be placed at that point to divert some of the H-field flow around it.  So even the Poynting energy flow S = E´H has been interpreted in terms of its reaction cross sections.

It is worth noting that electrodynamicists today are still politely debating EM energy flow and the energy flow vector.  As an example, a polite "debate" of this subject has been ongoing for over 30 years in American Journal of Physics alone.  A particularly significant statement of the problem is given by Jones: "It is possible to introduce the Poynting vector S, defined by S = E´H, and regard it as the intensity of energy flow at a point.  This procedure is open to criticism since we could add to S any vector whose divergence is zero without affecting [the basic integration procedure's result]." [D.S. Jones, The Theory of Electromagnetism, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1964, p. 52.]  In short, here Jones is stating that an enormous nondiverged energy flow may accompany the Poynting flow component, and it will not be accounted for by S = E´H.  After presenting the various elements required to solve the energy flow problem, Jones bows out with the statement: ""It does not seem likely that an expression satisfying all these conditions will be simple… …fortunately, we are rarely concerned with the energy flow at a point.  In most applications we need the rate at which energy is crossing a closed surface."  [Jones, ibid., p. 53.]  Panofsky and Phillips warn against over-attachment to the Poynting vector: "Paradoxical results may be obtained if one tries to identify the Poynting vector with the energy flow per unit area at any point."  [Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky and Melba Phillips, Classical Electricity and Magnetism, Second Edition, Addison-Wesley, Menlo Park, CA, 1962, third printing 1969, p. 180.

We point out, however, that for gravitational effects of energy flows in space, one must account the total energy flow per unit area at and surrounding any point, and therefore one must restore the unaccounted enormous Heaviside nondiverged EM energy flow component as well as the accounted tiny little Poynting diverged energy flow component.

Dt    An increment (little piece of) time.

In special relativity, time can be considered a piece of spatial length compressed by the factor c, so that L = ct, where L is in meters, t is in seconds, and c is the speed of light.   Time can also be considered as spatial EM energy compressed by the factor c2.  To comprehend time and time rate of flow, one must first realize that a priori no observable exists or persists in time.  The observable is a 3-spatial snapshot made at one instant in time, so that "time stopped" momentarily.  The observable is thus a frozen snapshot of the 3-spatial intersection of an ongoing 4-space interaction.  At the very next instant, that snapshot no longer exists.  Hence for a mass (or any other observable) to "propagate in time", there must be a process whereby Dt is continually added to the observable (such as to mass m, converting it to masstime mt for a short duration) and then subtracted again, leaving behind another frozen 3-space snapshot of the "observable" that has seemingly now endured for that little Dt period, with respect to the observer.  As we explain in several papers, the sum total of the photon interactions with a mass m may be taken as the generator that produces (1) the flow of the mass m through time, by changing from m to mt to m to mt… continually, and (2) a substructuring of internal "time-flow components".  In short, any time-flow ascertained in the macroworld or the microworld by the observer, has an enormously rich internal dynamics and structuring.  Again, in higher symmetry electrodynamics such as O(3), the internal structuring of the photon, EM field, EM wave, and EM potential can be modeled and eventually even directly engineered.

DE    An increment (little piece of) energy.

The photon is considered to be (unit-wise) composed of (DE)(Dt). However, in our view (as we explain in energy, energy collection, and energy dissipation) energy does not occur in "little fixed chunks" at all. One only has "little chunks" of energy when one is collecting energy in an ongoing process. In electromagnetics, the "collection" of energy is actually the ongoing collecting of energy from an energy flow deviating around an intercepting charge. It is a dynamic, ongoing process whereby a collector such as a charged particle intercepts and interacts with (undergoes virtual photon flux exchange with) an impinging energy density flow S= E´H. In an equilibrium (static) condition, the deviated flow remains very like a persistent, unchanging whirlpool in a river, and so is said to have a "static magnitude". If that Poynting flow is removed, then there is no excess collecting going on and the "magnitude of the deviated energy flow" is zero.  EM energy collection/collecting is always like a rock in a high wind. As long as the wind is blowing on the rock, air is deviated to flow around the rock.  The rock has a force field on and of it, and wishes to move. It also has "excess collected energy", and a gradient in this "excess collected energy" determined by the wind flow direction. When the wind ceases to blow, the rock goes back to being just a rock, and forgets it had all that excess wind energy collecting and any desire to move.

 

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TERMS AND PHRASES

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ABEL, NIELS HENRIK (1802-1829)

Norwegian mathematician who in 1824 proved that the general equation of fifth degree cannot be solved algebraically.  He also left an important paper on transcendental functions which was published posthumously.

ABELIAN GROUP

A group obeying the commutative law of algebra for every pair of elements a and b under an operation , so that a*b = b*a.  As an example, the set of integers is an infinite abelian group under the multiplication operation.

ACTION AT A DISTANCE

An action (effect) occurring in a local system, for which no separate local 3-space cause exists, but for which a causal correlation exists between a distant cause and the local effect.

To the local 3-space observer, the effect is baffling. In electromagnetics, action at a distance can be considered a higher topology phenomena, occurring through hyperspace or through subspace, or through "multiply connected spacetime." Particularly note that "time" is multiply connected; i.e., every spatial point in 3-space (in the entire universe) exists at the same moment in time, which means that electrodynamic action through the time domain can be used to eliminate the spatial distance between any two 3-space points.  Action at a distance is absolutely required by quantum mechanics, and experiments establish its truth. Such action was implicitly included in Maxwell's quaternion theory, but was unknowingly discarded by Heaviside, Hertz, and Gibbs when they formulated a much more restricted vector interpretation of Maxwell's theory, after Maxwell's death.  Bohm's hidden variable interpretation of quantum mechanics uses the quantum potential, which is a multiply-connected entity producing instantaneous action at a distance.  In ordinary electrodynamics, the common scalar potential in the Coulomb gauge has instantaneous velocity, and it appears everywhere in space, wherever it will occupy, all at once in that gauge.

Time is also a set of energy flows in the time domain (complex plane) rather than in 3-space.  Time is also multiply connected, since a priori every 3-space point in the universe exists at and in a single moment of time.  Since time is dynamic and structured with special energy flows, it seems possible to use this feature to establish energy flow during one specific moment to a desired subset of 3-space points, regardless of where in the universe those points are located.  Hence the development of "time-energy" technology allows action at a distance via manipulating the multiple connectivity of time and its internal structure (internal time-like energy flows).

AD HOC MODEL

A model used and fitted for a specific purpose or area.

Tentative formulation, not intended toward general application and not yet firm because there is still not a comprehensive, tested demonstration of the "fit" of the model to the complex phenomenology.  Nonetheless, an ad hoc model can be quite useful in a given area, so long as it sufficiently fits the experimental data in that area and makes sufficiently accurate predictions in the area.

ADVANCED FIELD

An electromagnetic field that is a solution of the classical Maxwell equations, which is positioned on the future light-cone of spacetime.

We believe much of the problem with the "advanced solution" is a problem of interpretation.  We would urge the re-interpretation not in terms of "time-travel" where the wave continues in observer forward time while the rest of the universe is assumed to retrogress to a previous state, but in terms of time-reversal of that wave only.  In that case, the rest of the universe stays sane and continues to move in observer forward time, and the wave itself just moves in forward time in a path-reversed manner, back along a previous "stimulus wave" (the retarded wave that moved forward in time normally).

ADVANCED POTENTIAL

An electromagnetic potential that is a solution of the classical Maxwell equations, which is positioned on the future light-cone of spacetime. 

Presently this potential has not yet been given a physical interpretation.  See remarks above.

ADVANCED WAVE

An electromagnetic wave that is a solution of the classical Maxwell equations, and which is positioned on the future light-cone of spacetime.

See remarks above.

AFFINE CONNECTION

In mathematics: "A connection on a manifold, whose form is unchanged under affine changes of parameter along curves, e.g., when the original parameter t of a curve g (t) is replaced by t = as + b."  Dictionary of Science and Technology, Academic Press, Christopher Morris (Ed.), 1992.

Ugh! We'll let the mathematicians take it from there.

AFFINE TRANSFORMATION

"Transformation on a linear space to itself which can be expressed as the sum of a linear transformation and a fixed vector.

The affine transformations form a group. In the plane, the group is six-dimensional, consisting of translations, rotations, stretchings and shrinkings, reflections, simple elongations and compressions, and simple shear transformations, as well as compositions of these."

Dictionary of Science and Technology, 1992, ibid.

AHARONOV, YAKIR

Renowned Israeli quantum physicist and former student of David Bohm.

Co-discoverer of the Aharonov-Bohm effect: Even when the electromagnetic force fields reduce to zero in a charged particle system, the potentials may still exist and interfere to cause real physical effects. Together with Bohm, Aharonov authored a fundamental paper in 1959 which pointed out the primary importance of the potentials rather than the force fields. Indeed, the force fields are only made in and of the charged particle system itself, by interference there of potentials, and do not exist as such in the vacuum. The forcefields are thus not primary electromagnetic causes at all, but are secondary effects due to the interference of potentials in a particular charged particle system. [See Aharonov-Bohm Effect] In his three volumes of physics, Feynman pointed out that the forcefields do not exist as such in the vacuum, and that only the potential for the forcefields exists in vacuum. The primary causative agents for electromagnetics are thus the potentials. This has been proven both theoretically and experimentally in quantum mechanics, but still does not appear in present classical electromagnetic theory taught in universities—which terribly confuses cause waves and effect waves in wave-charge interactions.

AHARONOV-BOHM EFFECT

Phenomenon theoretically pointed out in 1959 by Yakir Aharonov and David Bohm whereby interfering electromagnetic potentials can produce effects on charged particle systems, even at a distance and in the absence of the electromagnetic force fields.

See Y. Aharonov and D. Bohm, "Significance of Electromagnetic Potentials in the Quantum Theory," Physical Review, Second Series, 115(3), 1959, p. 485-491.  For an overview and extensive bibliography, see S. Olariu and I. Iovitzu Popescu, "The Quantum Effects of Electromagnetic Fluxes," Reviews of Modern Physics, 57(2), Apr. 1985, p. 339-436.

Chambers experimentally demonstrated the Aharonov-Bohm effect one year later. When
E- and B-fields are zero in a region, their potentials still may exist and thus be stable and persistent. Being gradient-free, a force-free potential is not changing; no bleed-in or bleed-off of its magnitude or of its internal structure is occurring. Interference of the potentials produces real electromagnetic effects (energy) in the interference zone, even at a great distance, without transmission of "field energy" per se through the intervening 3-space. [Rigorously, the potential's EM energy can be considered to be hyperspatially transmitted, or subspatially transmitted (tunneled) via the Whittaker internal EM biwave mechanism. See discussions under action at a distance.]

In 1897-8 Stoney showed (in Philosophical Magazine) by physical reasoning that all the disturbances of the ether arising from sources of certain kinds can be resolved into trains of plane waves. This was extended and the general and special equations written by E.T. Whittaker in 1903 in Mathematische Annalen. In 1904 (delivered orally in 1903) Whittaker's second paper dealing with the subject was published in the Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, and showed that scalar EM potential interferometry is in fact what generates the classical EM force fields.

The two Whittaker papers may be interpreted to show a startling arrangement in a potential or EM wave. (1) any EM field or wave in a particular 3-space is due to two interfering scalar potential functions in that space.  So we may replace any EM field or wave with two scalar potential functions, a priori.  (2) But each of the scalar potentials onto which the functions are applied, is decomposable into the Whittaker 1903 longitudinal EM wavepairs, where the output waves are in 3-space and the input waves are time-like and come from the complex plane.  This provides a hidden "infolded LW electrodynamics" inside, and composing, all EM fields and waves.  Further, the decomposition is recursive, so each of the first tier infolded EM waves can be decomposed again into a second tier of biwaves, etc.  Thus the most primary electrodynamics of all is the nested infolded longitudinal EM wave structuring of all present EM waves, potentials, and fields.  The internal LW waves also form rigorous curvature of ST patterns (templates) and thus engines.  By engineering the structure and dynamics of the internal EM, one can engineer mass—including the atomic nuclei, quarks, and gluons—as one wishes, once the technology is sufficiently developed.  In the West, this entire area has been ignored, but it has been highly weaponized by the KGB in Russia.

AIAS

Alpha Foundation's Institute for Advanced Study.

Unusual "think tank" comprised of fellows and fellow emeriti in various places in the world, who cooperate in advanced electromagnetics studies via E-mail.  Led by Dr. Myron W. Evans, a theorist of note, the institute has been forging ahead with the production of O(3) symmetry electrodynamics, particularly as an important subset of Mendel Sachs' unified field theory.  Dozens of AIAS group-authored papers have been published in various leading journals such as Foundations of Physics, Physica Scripta etc.  More than 90 AIAS papers are carried on a restricted Department of Energy website for reference by DoE scientists.  The work is particularly significant in working out how EM energy flows in both the 3-spatial and time domains, and how EM energy can be and is extracted from the active vacuum.  More than a dozen of  the later AIAS papers are carried on a DoE public website, http://www.ott.doe.gov/electromagnetic/papersbooks.html.  Also, about two dozen AIAS papers have either been approved for publication in journals, or are in the review process.  The present author is a Fellow Emeritus of the AIAS, and is kindly tolerated as a conceptualist by these advanced theoreticians.

AIDS

Acquired Immunological Deficiency Syndrome.

A condition of acquired immunological deficiency associated with infection of the cells of the immune systems with the retrovirus HTLV-III.  It is usually recognized by testing positive to HIV infection, and eventually by physical deterioration and by development of one or more life-threatening opportunistic infections such as pneumonia, or of Kaposi's sarcoma.

AIKIDO

A Japanese martial art whose modern form is a synthesis of many schools of jujitsu and the zen art of meditation in motion.

It is the way (DO) of entering and turning (AI) the opponents vital energy (KI).  The present author is a retired sandan (third degree black belt) in Yoseikan aikido.  He is retired because of debilitating injuries suffered in other fields and accidents, and as a busted-up old dog of 70 has no business bouncing hard off the mats with all those vigorous young fellows.  His extra 50 pounds also no longer enhance his athletic ability.  We did write a book, privately held but never published, on Aikido and dealing with the principles of unarmed combat.  Interestingly, we simply went into the deep unconscious in meditation (and perhaps a little beyond, depending on one's viewpoint) to uncover the unsuspected principles.  To list them, we went through the alphabet four times.  Many of these principles have never appeared in any text on martial arts or military combat.  The task was placed on me by my sensei and required seven years to complete.  Perhaps one of these days we will formally publish the book.

ALGEBRAS

The various types of mathematics in which the theoretical models for physics and other sciences are embedded.

Some important algebras utilized in physics are the vector algebra, tensor algebra, quaternion algebra, Grassman algebra, Pauli algebra, Clifford algebra, etc.  There are many others.  The complexity of the symmetry and of the topology varies significantly between these algebras.  Thus, an electrodynamics model in a lower topology algebra such as vectors or tensors will not reveal or permit nearly so great a set of electrodynamic functions and operations as will electrodynamics embedded in a higher topology algebra such as quaternion algebra or Clifford algebra.

As an example, it has been shown by Barrett that the operation of many of Nikola Tesla's patented circuits cannot be understood if analyzed in vector or tensor electrodynamics.  The circuits will reveal totally new functions when analyzed in quaternion electrodynamics.  That paper is T. W. Barrett, "Tesla's Nonlinear Oscillator-Shuttle-Circuit (OSC) Theory," Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie, 16(1), 1991, p. 23-41

ALLOPATHIC MEDICINE

A medical system which combats disease by using remedies which produce effects different from those produced by the disease treated.

Reliance is primarily upon drugs, pain relievers, and treatment of symptoms as well as use of agents to "kill" the microbial organisms regarded as the cause of the diseases.  Surgery is used as a major adjunct.  From time to time, other practices formerly frowned upon or even legally prosecuted are recognized as effective and legitimate, and are then brought in under the aegis of organized allopathic medicine.  Physical therapy is such a formally prosecuted modality that was eventually adopted; hypnosis is another.  The problems with organized allopathy is that (1) it tends to be monopolistic, (2) it uses the state's power to enforce its credo, (3) it controls both the bulk of the medical scientific literature and the flow of research funds from both government and private sources, (4) it does not adequately police its doctors and technicians, (5) it does not sufficiently accent preventative medicine or "whole human being" treatment, and (6) it engages in conspiracies to destroy competing systems of medicine (as in the case of chiropractic).  (7) On the other hand, it has made remarkable advances in preventing killer diseases by vaccination, treating them by antibiotics, and in eradicating or controlling many of the former great killer diseases such as smallpox, diphtheria, and bubonic plague.  It has been far less successful in treating and reversing debilitation, cancer, arteriosclerosis, etc.  Just now, most of its major weapons against the former dread diseases are beginning to fail.  The disease organisms are rapidly changing into new, more virulent forms that are resistant or even immune to the present "successful" treatments.  Even in orthodox medical publications, it is now beginning to be recognizing that allopathic medicine is starting to fail, and that we are again entering a period of great, uncontrollable killer pandemics.

ALLOPATHY

Another name for allopathic medicine and allopathic medical therapy.

AMBIENT VACUUM

The average active vacuum, in space, removed from large collections of charge and mass.

AMBIENT VACUUM POTENTIAL

The average standard vacuum (spacetime) considered as a potential having structure and dynamics on a myriad levels.

Anything that is composed of virtual particle flux is a potential.  Another way of looking at the vacuum is to realize that, having an energy density, then a priori it is a potential or may be modeled as such.

Hence the ambient vacuum can be decomposed via the Whittaker method into an internal set of infolded EM longitudinal waves of very special nature.  Further, our work on the broken 3-symmetry energy flow involved in any potential or dipolarity shows the more fundamental 4-symmetry energy flow between the time domain and 3-space.  This 4-symmetry energy flow is also highly structured and dynamic.

Whittaker's work shows that, contrary to present assumptions in quantum physics, a particular potential has its virtual particle flux formed into a beautiful bidirectional wave structure. The apparent disorder at any local point in the local vacuum potential is due to the constant arrival of myriads of potentials, from charged particles all over the universe. The violent interference and re-interference of these potentials results in the creation of violently changing virtual photons—or in terms of waves, violently changing EM waves and fields. In other words, the statistical disorder of the vacuum is actually composed of continually and rapidly changing perfect order. [Here we have confronted 3-law Aristotelian logic with its missing 4th law, because at the limit opposites are identical!] The continual violent interferometry results in the zero-point EM fluctuations of vacuum. Each EM fluctuation is completely deterministic, as shown in Puthoff's cosmological feedback mechanism. However, the macroscopic observer has no knowledge of the cause or of the arrival, and of the myriads of interferences that produced the final EM field fluctuation. Hence although the zero-point fluctuations of vacuum are completely deterministic one-by-one, the observer has no information on their causality. Hence to the observer these fluctuations are completely statistical and seemingly without local order. However, because of their hidden determinism, these fluctuations are chaotic rather than random—contrary to the Gibbs' thermodynamics statistics assumed and adopted by quantum mechanics. That statistics should be changed to an "already chaotic" statistics containing hidden Whittaker order. This would appear to be the real solution to the recognized major QM problem of the missing chaos.

Since their changes and appearances are completely in one-to-one correspondence to all distant features of the macroscopically ordered universe, then their integration yields macroscopic order. Further, as can be seen, Mach's principle—so near and dear to the heart of Einstein—arises directly from the foregoing discussion. In such fashion, integration of statistical (but chaotic, and with hidden order) quantum changes results in the familiar, ordered macroscopic world. This removes the great error in QM: that heretofore it has failed to predict the ordered macroscopic universe we observe and inhabit.

ANALOGUE

Part that is analogous (representative or modeled).

At root, an analogue of something is a second something that functions in similar fashion to the first something.

ANAEROBE

An organism that lives, is active, and occurs in the absence of free oxygen.  Particularly applicable to one-celled organisms that do so.

ANAEROBE, FACULTATIVE

An organism that can live either as an aerobe or as an anaerobe.  Particularly applicable to one-celled organisms possessing that capability.

ANAEROBE, OBLIGATORY

An organism that is restricted to being anaerobic; i.e., it cannot utilize oxygen from the atmosphere.

ANAEROBIC

Characteristic of an organism of living, active, or occurring in the absence of free oxygen.

ANGULAR MOMENTUM

The momentum or "leverage" of the momentum of a moving body, with respect to an axis or reference point.

Angular momentum as the same units as action; that is, it is energy multiplied by time, or momentum multiplied by length.  In terms of particles, it is also known as spin.

ANOMALOUS EM JAMMING MECHANISM

In a dense signal environment, an unusual mechanism whereby EM energy from the skin of an aerial vehicle is directed laser-like into the internal circuitry.

The density of the signals impinging upon the skin are such that the probability of multiple photon interaction increases.  Also, on a nonlinearity in/on the skin, the multiplex of signals creates a scalar EM potential.  Decomposition of this potential into Whittaker waves provides hidden "pump" waves upon the nonlinearity, which therefore acts as a pumped phase conjugate mirror (PPCM).  EM fields and signals from the internal operating circuits in the vehicle provide "signal waves" to the internal skin and to the nonlinearity PPCMs on the skin.  Amplified phase conjugate replica (PCR) waves are generated by the PPCMs, where in each PCR wave the energy may be the total of the external signal density pump waves upon the initiating PPCM.  The result is that the skin becomes a "collector" of energy from all the impinging external signals, and focuses much of this collected external energy into laser-like beams inside the vehicle which penetrate directly back to the circuit element that originated the particular signal field/wave to the inner skin.  The result is spurious jamming throughout the vehicle, directly in its operating circuits, in a manner not described in normal ECM theory.  Also, the same effect occurs in a human body when exposed to such a dense signal environment (threshold about 200,000 signals per square meter per second, and particularly active above 500,000 signals per square meter per second.  I.e., in such an EM "smog" environment, the anomalous jamming mechanism is able to progressively conduct the energy impinging upon the skin deep into the body and throughout it, including into the bone marrow.  This effect is not described at all in the standard dosimetry literature and experimental approaches for examining the effects of EM fields and radiations upon biological systems.  By rigorous frequency band control of radiations and communications, most equipment can be operated in an appreciably dense environment such as appears on the modern environment, because the equipment is essentially "narrow band."  The human, however, is a very wide-band receiver, and in such dense environments—even at very weak signal levels—the human system will eventually undergo cumulative damage.  This is one of the major mechanisms involved in long term deleterious biological effects of EM radiation environments, but this effect on living systems has not been investigated in the laboratory by present EM bioeffects researchers.

In the U.S. air attack on Libya in 1986, the anomalous jamming mechanism interfered with the aircraft, controls, and missiles because frequency discipline was not rigorously enforced.  In the Gulf War, rigid frequency discipline was enforced, with the result that the electronic systems operated normally.  However, the troops exposed to that environment (which varied from place to place) were affected by the mechanism, which added a bit to the previous cumulative damage to their immune systems, etc.

ANTIBODY

A body substance produced in response to a specific antigen (protein or carbohydrate or other substance, such as a toxin or enzyme, capable of stimulating an immune response).

The antibody counteracts the effects of the antigen, by neutralizing toxins, agglutinating bacteria or cells, precipitating soluble antigens, etc.

ANTI-ELECTRON

The time-reversed electron, or positron.  Under time reversal, electric charge reverses in sign.

Paul A.M. Dirac, in his "A Theory of Electrons and Protons," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A126, 1930, p. 360 introduced the negative energy electron sea (now called the "Dirac sea") with negative energy electron holes treated as the positive electron.  He attempted to identify these holes with protons, but that was later refuted.  The positron, discovered about a year after Dirac's paper, was later connected with this anti-electron.

Note that Dirac himself was not adamant that all negative energy state holes in the Dirac sea were filled with electrons, but just that almost all of them were.  Modern researchers have tended to extend this to state that all the holes are filled, normally.  That is sufficient in forward time situations.  But it does not necessarily hold in a time-reversed situation, in a time-reversed zone, or in a tempic back emf.

ANTIGRAVITY

An effect whereby normal masses repulse one another rather than attract one another

Antigravity may also be considered as time-reversed gravitation.  It may also be considered as gravitation between two negative masses.

ANTIMATTER

Matter consisting of atoms which are composed of antielectrons (positrons), antiprotons, antineutrons. 

Also loosely refers to the antiparticle corresponding to a particle—the antiparticle may be regarded as the particle traveling backward in time, or "phase conjugated", or "time-reversed.

ANTIPARTICLE

A counterpart to an ordinary fundamental particle, having identical mass lifetime and spin, but with charge and magnetic moment reversed in algebraic sign.

Note that when the charge is reversed, parity and time are also reversed.  Thus, properly, the antiparticle is the phase conjugation of the particle, or just conjugate particle for short.  In effect an antiparticle is the particle traveling backward in observer time rather than forward in observer time.

ANTIPHASED

180 degrees out of phase (contrary-wise in timing).

ANTIPHOTON

A time-reversed photon.

Presently, the photon is considered its own antiparticle, so that photon and antiphoton are one and the same. In the new approach, that is not quite true. First, one considers that a photon—as is well known—has the units of angular momentum. Thus it is made of "energy multiplied by time." We consider that the time-forward photon (i.e. a normal photon), is made of (+DE)(+Dt). Usually physicists have largely neglected the fact that a photon carries an increment of time as well as an increment of energy! In our approach the antiphoton, being a time-reversed entity, must be composed differently. We have tentatively considered the antiphoton to be comprised of (DE)(- Dt). It will probably initially be necessary to take into account the fact that Minkowski geometry treats the T dimension as imaginary rather than simple arithmetic. We haven't had the lengthy time to work all of that out; perhaps one of the better theoreticians or one of the sharp young graduate students will do that and save us the trouble.

At any rate, the requirement is that—in a coupled photon-antiphoton pair (a graviton)—the energies of photon and antiphoton must add spatially, while electromagnetically the translation forces (actually translation impulses) of photon and antiphoton must cancel or thwart each other. One insists on a strong interpretation of the distortion correction theorem in phase conjugate optics. In other words, we consider the "wave" as composed of photons, while the "antiwave" (phase conjugate replica) emitted by a phase conjugate mirror is composed of antiphotons. And we consider that the distortion correction theorem must apply to the wave's photons, so that the antiphotons are precisely superposing (coupling) and then decoupling as the wave and antiwave pass through each other in perfect spatial superposition. We feel that this "totally in phase spatially but totally antiphased temporally" concept is important.  It is well-known, e.g., that in certain cases protons—the very building blocks of matter itself—can pass right through other protons, as shown in certain colliding beam experiments if their relative spins are properly arranged.

ANTISIGNAL

The phase conjugate of a signal.  The time reversal of that signal or its twin.  The phase conjugate replica signal/wave emitted by a phase conjugate mirror material in response to an incident signal/wave.

ANTI-STOKES EMISSION

Radiation emitted from an intensely scattering medium that is of greater intensity than the input radiation.

In other words, the medium gives off more energy than we have to put into it. This has been known since the 1930s and proven experimentally, but no really complete explanation has been forthcoming.  The conventional explanation is that some of the kinetic energy of the medium is furnished to cause additional emission.  In that case, anti-Stokes emission would lower the kinetic energy of the emitting medium.  Note that this is not necessarily true at all in Letokhov's negative absorption (excess emission) of the medium, where in that case the excess energy in the emissions is said to come directly from energy absorbed from the active vacuum.

ANTI-STOKES RADIATION

The radiation coming from an anti-Stokes emission process from an intensely scattering medium, where more energy flux is emitted than is input by the experimenter-operator.

In the past, there has just been "arm-waving" that the excess energy must come from the internal energy of the molecules. There seems to be no explanation at all of where the excess energy of the molecules must continue to come from! Tacit silence on this "apparent" violation of energy conservation is held.  But see Letokhov's negative absorption of the medium discussions in the literature.

We quote from H. C. Dake and Jack DeMent. (1941) Fluorescent Light and Its Applications, Chemical Publishing Company, Inc., Brooklyn, New York, 1941. p. 51-52: "When a phosphor or other luminescent substance emits light, it gives in most cases an emission according to Stokes' Law. This law states that the wavelength of the fluorescent (emitted) light is always greater than the wavelength of the exciting radiation. It was first observed in 1852 in the memoir "On the Change of Refrangibility of Light," by Sir G. G. Stokes. In terms of energy the relationship states that e em < e ab. While Stokes' Law holds for the majority of cases, it does not hold in certain instances. In some cases the wave length is the same for both the absorbed and the emitted radiation. That is, the efficiency appears to be perfect or unity. This is known as resonance radiation. In other cases Stokes' Law does not hold where the energy emitted is greater than the energy absorbed. This is known as Anti-Stokes emission. In 1935 Prileshajewa showed that there is an energy difference as much as 1.1 v between the exciting light and the fluorescence of aniline vapor. This added energy is attributed to additions from the internal energy of the molecule."

There is no real problem of identifying the source of the excess energy, once one realizes that (i) every dipole is a broken symmetry in the vacuum exchange with the end charges of the dipole, and thus extracts virtual energy from the vacuum, integrates and orders it, and outputs it as EM energy density flow.  One then adds multiretroreflection and multiple passes of the EM energy flow, so that charges that intercept and collect energy from the reciprocating flow can multiply connect from the same energy flow (on a given pass, only a tiny, tiny fraction—nominally about 10-13—of the energy flow is intercepted and interacted with by the collecting particle). Thus multiple collections from the same EM energy flow can be accomplished, if the flow is iteratively rerouted (as by retroreflection or phase conjugate reflection) back across the collecting charges again and again.

In this fashion additional energy is collected in the collected volume, which increases the local collected energy density in that volume. In turn this increases the local potential of that volume. In turn that increases the energy flow from that potential acting as a dipole, because it increases the dipole strength and consequently the magnitude of the dipole's broken symmetry in its vacuum flux exchange.

The inefficiency of the process increases nonlinearly with increasing local potential, and faster than the buildup of local energy density occurs from multipass multicollection. When the inefficiency curve reaches the increasing broken symmetry energy extraction curve, then a point of equilibrium is reached. At that equilibrium point, the rate of energy diffusing out of the multipass region and escaping from the periphery of the system is equal to the rate of extraction of energy from the vacuum and flowing it out into as Poynting S-flow into the multicollection region and collecting it.

So we have described an open thermodynamic system, where there are two inputs of energy flow: (i) that by the operator-experimenter, and (ii) that from the vacuum via the dipolar broken symmetries. At equilibrium condition the total input energy rate is equal to the total energy escaping rate, and the conservation of energy law is rigorously upheld. However, this is an open thermodynamic system far from equilibrium, and so rigorously the nonlinear thermodynamics of such systems applies, rather than the normal equilibrium thermodynamics. As is well-known, the coefficient of performance for such open systems in disequilibrium, may permissibly be overunity, even greatly overunity.

Properly utilized, the overunity anti-Stokes or Letokhov emission can be made very large—such as COP »1200 in Patterson's adaptation. The process and its overunity certification already exist in the hard science literature, being known and experimentally demonstrated for at least three decades.

ANTIWAVE

The time-reversal (phase conjugation) of a reference wave.

A phase conjugate replica wave is a time-reversed replica of its referent wave. Hence it is the antiwave of the referent wave.

A-POTENTIAL

Vector magnetic potential.

The A-potential is a real entity more primary than the magnetic field B, and not a mathematical convenience as was originally thought—as detailed in the second volume of Feynman's three volumes of physics. Indeed, it may be separated from the magnetic field, as reported by Feynman, and used for instrumentation effects in the manner patented by Gelinas. When separated from magnetic field, it is often referred to as the "curl-free vector potential," since the B-field is modeled as being created from the A-field by curling it. In other words, B is defined as the curl of the magnetic vector potential, if we use B º Ñ´A.   Hence "separating" magnetic field from A-potential simply is a sort of "parallel branching" of the energy density flow of the A-potential.  It is like branching the voltage on a feeder line conductor in an electric circuit into two parallel conductors.  The feeder potential splits into two, so that each branch has the same potential.  Actually the vast energy flow in the feeder line only has a small component which strikes the surface charges, diverting the energy into the conductor and potentializing the Drude electrons.  In branching into two conductors, the giant flow branches also, but is so great that the surface charges in each of the two branches still intercept essentially the same amount of energy, diverging it into the conductor.  Hence each conductor exhibits the same potential as the feeder conductor

The same thing happens when one "splits" or branches the A-potential in similar fashion.  The diverted and separated B-field branch will exhibit "equal energy density" flow (i.e., in the form of magnetic flux density flow) and yet the original A-potential path through space will still have the same previous energy flow density magnitude, just without curl (without magnetic field). 

Any good toroid or very long solenoid already performs such separation, and hence energy density flow doubling.  If properly used—as in the motionless electromagnetic generator (MEG)—this effect can be used to provide a generator with COP>1.0.  At this writing, the present MEG exhibits COP = 16, and is a patent-pending system.

The well-known Aharonov-Bohm effect, e.g., also uses this separation of the curl of the
A-potential, leaving an uncurled A-potential whose changes will and do interact with electrons.

The curl-free vector potential is particularly interesting because (1) it is a unique and independent field of nature, (2) its curl produces a magnetic field, (3) its time derivative produces an electric field, (4) its magnitude does not fall off inversely as the distance squared, but only inversely as the distance, and its time derivative dA/dt = B E.  Hence, as in the MEG, one can extract energy both from the curl-free A-potential and the curled
A-potential (magnetic field B), increasing the available energy collected in the circuit to greater than what the operator input to it.  This is simply a physical process of regauging, wherein electrodynamicists already routinely assume (and apply) the fact that the potential energy of any EM system can be freely changed at will, by regauging.  In the real world, of course, we may have to pay a little switching energy, but we are free to regauge (by this "splitting the potential into equal parallel paths, and by other methods), at will and at any time and place.  The MEG just takes advantage of one major method for free regauging, in order to violate the Lorentz symmetry condition (violate symmetry in the system's energy exchange with its active vacuum environment).  It thereby is legitimately permitted to exhibit COP>1.0 and output more energy than one inputs, because the regauging transforms it into an open dissipative system far from thermodynamic equilibrium in its active environmental energy exchange.

ARISTOTELIAN LOGIC

The conventional three laws of logic, unconsciously fitted to the physical reality created by the single photon interaction.  The three laws are:  (1) a thing is identical to itself, (2) a thing is not identical to something else, and (3) either one has a given thing or something that is not that thing.  Mathematically these are written as (1) A A, (2) A Ã, and (3) A Ã.  Aristotelian logic applies only to single observation at a time (monocular observation, a single observer).  When multiple simultaneous observation (multiocular observation, multiple observers) are considered, the three laws may be violated.  In that case a fourth law, A Ã is added.  This law may be seen to be the exact negation of all the first three.  An application rule (which may itself be called a fifth law) is also added, and states that either the first three laws are explicit and the fourth is implicit, or the first three are implicit and the fourth is explicit.  Further, the fourth law is the law of the paradox:  Something that is found to be true in nature, but violates one or more of Aristotle's three laws, is known as a logical paradox.  In  the higher logic, it simply violates the case where the three Aristotelian laws are explicit and the fourth law is implicit.  Instead, the three Aristotelian laws are now implicit and the fourth law has become explicit.  All boundaries exhibit this effect.

It is highly recommended that the interested reader familiarize himself or herself with Morris Kline, Mathematics: The Loss of Certainty, Oxford University Press, New York, 1980.  Kline deals directly with the fact that mathematics is not a body of unshakable truths about the physical world, and mathematical reasoning is not exact and fallible.

ARISTOTLE

A great Greek philosopher who lived from 384-322 B.C.

Aristotle is famous for his three laws of logic: (1) a thing is identical to itself, (2) a thing is not identical to something else, and (3) either one has the thing considered or one has something else.

Heraclitus pointed out that Aristotle's laws prohibited any change, and yet changes were ubiquitous.  In short, for a thing to change, it had to change into something else, so Heraclitus pointed out.  So how could a thing be both itself and something else simultaneously? How could it be not itself while being itself?  The problem has not been solved by the logicians and philosophers to this day, because it has no solution in Aristotelian 3-law logic.  So Heraclitus, believe it or not, concluded that all change was an illusion.

ATHERIOSCLEROSIS

Basically, clogging of the arteries, which may be due to deposits onto the artery walls or by thickening and growth of the artery walls themselves, or a combination.  It is a chronic (slowly progressing) disease where the artery walls become progressively thickened and hardened and the artery becomes less elastic.

It has been found that the common cytomegalovirus (one of the herpes viruses) plays a key role in the development of the disease.  Initial deposits irritate and injure the arterial walls, and the herpes 6 virus infects the site, partially nullifying the control of excess grown of the arterial muscle tissue.  This deposit and concomitant stimulation of some excess muscle growth occurs repeated, so that the muscle tissue grows abnormally over an extended period of time.  For this reason, when an operation is performed to forcibly reduce the deposits inside the artery, the resulting injuries to the arterial wall tissues leads to the herpes 6 infection and stimulation of excess muscle growth.  It has been found, e.g., that after angioplasty the process is often engendered, so that within a year or two the artery is narrowed again, but this time by abnormal growth of smooth muscle tissue.  The Prioré team demonstrated positive and total remission of arteriosclerosis in laboratory animals by means of nonionizing EM irradiation to produce an amplified "antiengine", which "time reversed" or dedifferentiated the stricken cells and the stricken areas back to a previous state.

ARTIFICIAL POTENTIAL

A scalar potential which is composed of, or partially contains, an artificially assembled bidirectional wave set.

See E. T. Whittaker, "On the Partial Differential Equations of Mathematical Physics," Mathematische Annalen, Vol. 57, 1903, p. 333-355 for proof that a "scalar potential" is actually a harmonic set of hidden bidirectional EM  phase conjugate longitudinal wavepairs. Each wavepair consists of a wave and its antiwave (true time-reversed replica wave).

If the external observer could see the detected (effect) waves in a hidden wavepair, he would see the "wave" going in one direction and the antiwave passing precisely through it in the other direction.  However, prior to detection, the phase conjugate wave exists entirely in the complex plane and hence in the time domain (in -ict).  So the interpretation of Whittaker's 1903 paper, in terms of cause and effect waves, is that the phase conjugate half set is incoming from the time domain to each and every point in the dipolarity or potential, and the "real 3-space half set" is being radiated in every direction in 3-space from that point.  See my paper, "Giant Negentropy….".

In addition to Whittaker's sum set of biwaves, Ziolkowski added the product set in the mid-1980s. E.g., see Richard W. Ziolkowski, "Exact solutions of the wave equation with complex source locations," Journal of Mathematical Physics, 26(4), April 1985, p. 861-863; Rod Donnelly and Richard Ziolkowski, "A method for constructing solutions of homogeneous partial differential equations: localized waves," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A., Vol. 437, 1992, p. 673-692. Particularly see I.M. Besieris, A.M. Shaarawi, and R. W. Ziolkowski, "A bidirectional travelling plane wave representation of exact solutions of the scalar wave equation," Journal of Mathematical Physics, 30(6), 1989, p. 1254-1269.

However, these deal only with the effects waves after detection.

Another way of defining an artificial potential is: A potential formed by or containing a subset formed by, deliberately summing nonzero force field vectors to a zero vector resultant. [Note that electrodynamicists routinely discard vector systems that sum to a zero resultant; not realizing that in doing so, they are discarding vacuum engines and a vastly extended electrogravitational dynamics!] The vector zero system of infolded nonzero vectors has a deterministic, internal stress pattern that is macroscopic. The type of potential made by the zero summation depends upon the type of force vectors summed. For example, summing electric field vectors to zero produces an electrostatic scalar potential; summing magnetic field vectors to zero produces a magnetostatic scalar potential of vacuum.

All potentials represents local warps or curvatures in vacuum/spacetime, and all artificial potentials contain internal, deterministic templates of nested internal spacetime curvatures. Curvature of spacetime interacts directly upon mass and physical systems embedded in it. Thus these deterministic, internested local spacetime curvatures of the artificial potential represent vacuum engines, or spacetime engines, and the artificial potential is said to be a dimensioned or activated potential. Any system exposed to and placed in such a vacuum spacetime engine, will have these hidden vacuum flux asymmetries interacting upon each and every part of it, down to and including the nuclei, the nucleons, and the quarks in the nucleons.

ASYMMETRICAL REGAUGING

Change of either the scalar potential f or the vector potential A, but not both, so that a single excess force and a single change of system energy occurs in the system.

This violates the assumed Lorentz condition, and thus excess energy can enter the system, and an excess "free" force appears which can (if the system is adroitly designed) then translate to perform work upon the system to increase its (e.g. kinetic) energy, exhausting the excess regauging energy in the process and restoring symmetry.

In conventional EM theory, Maxwell's equations in potential formulation are in terms of two potentials, f (the scalar potential) and A (the vector potential). When Heaviside retranslated Maxwell's quaternion set of 20 equations in 20 unknowns, he transformed it (in potential form) into two equations where main variables f and A are not separated. Electrodynamicists, who until recently considered the potentials as not even real, but just mathematical figments and conveniences, then simply arbitrarily changed both f and A just precisely so that the extra force appearing in the system by the change of f was countered by an equal and opposite extra force also appearing in the system by the change of A. This type of symmetrical (no net force) regauging is known as the Lorentz condition.

Each asymmetrical (produces a nonzero excess net force) potential change (each half of the two asymmetrical regaugings that comprise the symmetrical regauging) also altered the overall energy of the system. However, in the symmetrical regauging that total energy change is "bottled up" as increased stress in the system, because no net translation force is available to be translated and use the energy change to produce excess "free work."

The Lorentz condition assumes that the designer will not allow the equilibrium of the system to be broken! In that case, of course, ordinary equilibrium thermodynamics applies, and the system cannot produce COP>1.0. Prior to this Lorentz condition assumption and its absolutely arbitrary regauging, Maxwell's equations do include asymmetrical regauging and therefore open EM systems far from thermodynamic equilibrium; precisely those which violate the Lorentz condition (symmetric regauging) assumption.  In short, the unregauged equations do include COP>1.0 electrodynamic circuits and systems.

Unknowingly the electrodynamicists arbitrarily discarded the entire Maxwellian class of overunity EM engines and circuits—which class incorporates making a change in one potential(s) such that the Lorentz condition does not hold.

ASYMMETRY

Lack of symmetry, or "broken symmetry" in a general sense.

ASYMMETRY OF THE DIPOLE

Any dipole or dipolarity is a broken 3-symmetry in its fierce exchange of EM energy with the active vacuum.  This means that it continuously receives and absorbs copious virtual energy from the seething vacuum flux, and that not all this absorbed energy is reradiated back to the vacuum in virtual form.  Instead, some of it is integrated into observable form and re-radiated in all directions as usable, real 3-space EM energy.

This is standard, well-known particle physics, although it appears to be totally missing from classical electrodynamics and it is not considered at all by electrical power system designers and analysts!

Every electric charge is a broken symmetry in the virtual particle flux exchange between the quantum mechanical (energetic) vacuum and the mass of that electric charge. The dipole is two different such asymmetries. As is well-known in particle physics (not in classical EM theory!) each such broken symmetry must "gate" out some of the vacuum energy. In short, the charge asymmetry "extracts" some vacuum energy from its normal "energetic exchange" with the vacuum flux, and puts it out in some form we call "observable" (capable of being measured; specifically, of being intercepted by electric charges so as to produce a force field across the charge and translate it).

Well, an electrical charge produces a flow of energy density which we may represent conventionally as S = E´H  (when collected and measured on assumed unit point charges), which we—a little bit mistakenly— call "observable." [Actually, until the energy flow interacts with that assumed unit point charge,  it is an organized flow of virtual entities]  After interaction it is real observable EM energy in 3-space. The spinning electron has its own magnetic moment and its own E-field. Since (in one form) also E = - Ñf , an extracted and formed S = E´H is output by the charge asymmetry. This output energy flow also produces the assumed f evidenced by the charge interaction, since f as used represents the reaction cross section of the potential.  Note that all these entities S, E, H, and f are defined in electrodynamics only as their own interaction cross section with a unit point charge containing mass.

In classical electrodynamics (formed long before the notion of charged particles, atoms, and EM energy flow!) it is just recognized that "charge is the source of a potential." Actually charge gates the energy flow from the vacuum flux, receiving the energy from the time domain by its asymmetry, transduces the energy into 3-space energy, and outputs it as real EM energy pouring out in 3-space in all directions.  That energy-flow contains and carries the energy that will interact with charge to form the E-field, the H-field (spin field), and f. 

Also, in particle physics and gauge theory it is well-known that no mass system can be in equilibrium anyway, unless the vacuum-to-mass interaction is incorporated! After CEM was formed, much later the atom was discovered and the electron was discovered. Much later then, particle physics and quantum mechanics came along. CEM theory has never been altered to include the necessary vacuum interaction, although it has been known for decades that CEM is totally in error in this respect.

Here one poses a question to the sharp young graduate students: Why does every university continue to teach a seriously flawed classical electrodynamics which does not include the vacuum/mass interaction, when the physics department at the same university knows full well that it must or no EM system can be in equilibrium? Why is not such a fundamental and universal issue strongly raised and intensively discussed by our large, tax-exempt scientific organizations at their annual symposia? Why do not the National Science Foundation and the National Academy of Science demand that serious work be done at all speed, to correct such known scientific deficiencies in the classical EM theory? What happened to science as the search for physical truth, and replaced it with "status quo" models or—in some cases—even dogma?  It is an inexplicable mystery to me, and one to which I do not know the answer.

AUTOIMMUNE DISORDER

A disease or disorder relating to or caused by the antibodies or T-cells that attack foreign molecules, cells, or tissues of their host organism.

A flagrant autoimmune disease example is AIDS, Acquired Immunological Deficiency Syndrome.  The AIDS virus successfully hides from the antibodies, so that they cannot perform their proper function, and it infects the T-cells and negates their function.  However, there are other examples other than AIDS: e.g., rheumatism and osteoarthritis.

BACK EMF

The counter-electromotive force, usually between the end charges of the source dipole for an EM circuit.

When the electrons in the circuit are forced against the emf—as when the charges from the ground reference of the circuit are forced back up through the emf of the source dipole—then work is done upon the source dipole to scatter the charges and destroy the dipole.  Removing the dipole removes its receipt of vacuum energy via its broken 3-symmetry, transduction of that energy, and output of it along the circuit and in space around the circuit as the energy flow that powers the circuit (with part missing the circuit and being just wasted).

Since this removes the power from the circuit, then additional energy must be input to the source to perform work on the internal charges and restore that source dipole again.

There are actually two emfs in a circuit, not one.  There is a 3-space emf and also an entirely unrecognized tempic emf.  In either case, under proper circumstances there can be a back-emf or either one or both.  See discussion under electromotive force, back.  See also tempic back emf (to be added).

BALL LIGHTNING

Rare form of lightning where an incandescent, slow-moving globe forms.  The globe often moves erratically, explodes, and may set fire to objects it touches.

Ball lightning may be due to scalar electromagnetic interferometry which can produce a controlled pattern of electromagnetic energy at a distance, or it may be due to the formation of a special localized spacetime curvature engine.

BARE ELECTRON

The true electron without its partial shielding of virtual positrons that are attracted around it.

BARRETT, TERENCE W.

Noted modern electrodynamicist and consultant who works in SU(2)´SU(2) gauge symmetry extended electrodynamics, and was also one of the pioneers of ultrawideband radar.

BECKER, ROBERT O.

Medical doctor, medical research scientist, and Nobel Nominee,  noted for his early-on efforts—particularly in the 1960s through the 1980s, in the effects of EM fields on biological systems, studies of evoked or partially evoked limb regeneration in certain species, electrical stimulation of bone fractures to stimulate healing and reveal the mechanism involved, and the cellular regeneration system of the body as opposed to the immune system.

Becker particularly recognized that the cellular regenerative system was a special electrical system having unique functions.  He even succeeded in diagramming this system as far as it is revealed by ordinary U(1) electrodynamics.  Becker demonstrated partial limb regeneration in salamanders, etc. and in some other species, with electrical stimulation.  In his EM-stimulated bone fracture healing, Becker showed a startling result:  First the red blood cells entering the fracture area shucked their hemoglobin and grew a nucleus, thus "dedifferentiating" (biological term) or "time-reversing" (physics term) back to an earlier state.  Then this modified cell redifferentiated (biological term) or "fast-forwarded in time" (physics term) into the type of cell that makes cartilage.  Then this newly modified cell further redifferentiated into the type of cell that makes bone, and was deposited in the fracture site.  The continuing deposits of these cells from the ongoing process evoked in red blood cells healed the fracture with new bone growth.  Whereupon the action stopped.

Becker also was one of the first qualified scientists who testified in court on the deleterious effects of power line radiation.  He thereby incurred the enmity of very powerful interests, so that his research funds were pulled and eventually he was forced to retire at an early age.

He was nominated for the Nobel Prize multiple times, and his epochal work did finally focus at least some attention of the medical research community on the regenerative system as opposed to the immune system which heals nothing.

Becker's profound work was of tremendous influence on me as I struggled to decipher the active mechanism in his experiments, the Prioré team's experiments in France, the Russian microwave radiation of U.S. Embassy personnel in Moscow, Kaznacheyev's experiments demonstrating transmission of cellular disease and disorder electromagnetically into target cells environmentally isolated except for contact by light from the sender cells having such disease or disorder, and the body's own regenerative system.  After some 14 years struggle with the problem, I finally did break the mechanism(s) involved in all those things.  But it was only possible because of the magnificent work by Becker and Prioré, the reported work by Kaznacheyev, and gradual exposure to higher symmetry electrodynamics.  The work was crude at first, but eventually progressed (by 1998, e.g.) to include the port-hole concept, transduction of EM wave polarization types, the engine and engine template concepts, and unified field theory.  Since then it has become clear that the proper electrodynamics to model such things is the higher symmetry O(3) electrodynamics pioneered by Evans, and now revealed to be an important subset of Sachs' unified field theory.

Becker is therefore one of my heroes whose magnificent work and long perseverance against strong scientific suppression I greatly admire.  Most of Becker's detractors were or are in fact employed in positions either directly or indirectly funded by the electrical power industry.  I believe that, had Becker had access to O(3) electrodynamics and Sachs' theory, he would have personally impelled the entire medical field to a marvelous and extraordinarily advanced EM medical therapy.

See Robert O. Becker and Andrew A. Marino, Electromagnetism and Life, State University of New York Press, Albany, 1982;  Nice summary of EM bioeffects (orthodox) ; also on http://www.ortho.lsumc.edu/Faculty/Marino/EL/ELPub.html.

See also R. O. Becker, "The neural semiconduction control system and its interaction with applied electrical current and magnetic fields," Proceedings of the XI International Congress of Radiology, Vol. 105, 1966, p. 1753-1759, Excerpta Medica Foundation; Amsterdam; — "The direct current field: A primitive control and communication system related to growth processes," Proceed.  XVI Internat. Congr.  Zoology, Washington, D.C., Vol. 3, 1963, p. 179-183; — “The control system governing bone growth in response to mechanical stress,” J. Ark. Med. Soc., Vol. 62, 1966, p. 404; — "A technique for producing regenerative healing in humans," Frontier Perspectives, 1(2), Fall/Winter 1990, p. 1-2; — with  Charles H. Bachman and Howard Friedman, The direct current system:  A link between the environment and the organism," New York State Journal of Medicine, Vol. 62, April 15, 1962, p. 1169-1176; — and D. G. Murray, “A method for producing cellular dedifferentiation by means of very small electrical currents,” Trans. N.Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. 29, 1967, p. 606-615; — and Joseph A. Spadaro, "Electrical stimulation of partial limb regeneration in mammals," Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, Second Series, 48(4), May 1972, p. 627-64; — and Carlton F. Hazlewood, Abraham R. Liboff, and Jan Walleczek, Electromagnetic Applications In Medicine," NIH-OAM Electromagnetics Panel Report, Jan. 15, 1993.

See particularly Robert O. Becker, "The significance of bioelectric potentials."  Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics, Vol. 1, 1974, p. 187-199. This is probably the paper by Becker that provides a really good overview of the control system.  A block diagram of the proposed system is given by Becker on p. 191.

Becker also has authored several popular-oriented books filled with excellent information.  These include Robert O. Becker, M.D. and Gary Selden, The Body Electric: Electromagnetism and the Foundation of Life, William Morrow and Co., New York, 1985; and Robert O. Becker, Cross Currents: The Perils of Electropollution; The Promise of Electromedicine, Jeremy P. Tarcher, Los Angeles, 1990.

BEDINI, JOHN

Noted audio engineer, overunity energy researcher, and inventor of the renowned Bedini amplifiers well-known to audiophiles, the BASE process for holographic sound, and a process for cleaning the harshness from digital audio disks.

Bedini has invented a variety of COP>1.0 processes, motors, generators, etc.  Particularly he has developed a process whereby, in a battery-powered circuit, he adroitly back-pulses the battery in a recharging direction while the battery is powering the load, causing a pile-up of electrons on the surface of the battery plates that is a sharply increased scalar potential opposing the onrushing very massive lead ions in the battery in discharging mode.  The result is that the potential's electron pile-up increases dramatically due to the ions' far greater inertia than that of the electrons.  The result is a high potential (perhaps 40 volts) upon the surface of the battery, overpotentializing both the incoming lead ions between the plates and the electrons in the external circuit in powering mode.  In this phase, energy flows from the vacuum onto both the ions and the external circuit electrons, adding significant energy to the powering of the external circuit for the same ion current inside the battery.

As the ions slow and stop, Bedini's back-pulse trailing edge causes a very sharp cutoff, thus invoking Lenz's law and resulting in the surface potential on the plates increasing to well over 100 volts.  This further overpotentializes the external circuit electrons in powering mode, dissipating much more energy in the external circuit to power the loads.  As the ions finally stop and reverse, their relatively sluggish re-acceleration in charging mode and their overpotentialization still results in excess energy being delivered to the external circuit.  Then as the overpotentialized ions accelerate in charging mode, the external circuit is still in powering mode until the drain-off of the severe electron pile-up on the surface of the battery plates.

This is one of several modes of operation used by Bedini in his overunity battery powered circuits, which keep their batteries recharged while powering their loads.

By separating the other closed current loop between external electron currents and the ion currents between the battery plates, and then dephasing these currents, Bedini breaks the usual dissipation symmetry enforced in a closed loop circuit where all charge carriers have the same m/q ratio.  In Bedini's circuits, the m/q charge ratios dramatically differ between the ion current section between the plates and the electron currents between the outside of the plates and through the external circuit.  Also, by providing a much greater potential between the two circuit halves, The potential extends in both directions—internally back over the ions, and externally in the circuit over the external Drude electrons powering the circuit loads and losses.  He provides a true negative resistor on the surface of the plates, which extracts energy from the vacuum (via its broken 3-symmetry as a dipolarity) from the time domain, transduces it into real EM energy, and overpotentializes (regauges) the potential energy of both the internal ion currents and the external electron currents.

The Bedini process is therefore a legitimate COP>1.0 system, and in his self-powering embodiments the system will run indefinitely without external energy input by the operator, use of fuel, etc.  He has converted the system to an open system far from thermodynamic equilibrium in its violent energy exchange with the active vacuum, and thus the system is permitted to exhibit both COP>1.0 and self-powering as well.

For an expanded explanation of the Bedini negative resistor process in batteries, see T. E. Bearden, "Bedini's Method for Forming Negative Resistors in Batteries," Journal of New Energy, 5(1), Summer 2000, p. 24-38.

BEING

Pure essence, existence. 

Again, something which in actuality resists Aristotelian definition unless preliminary assumptions are made.  Generally used in one of two senses: (1) persistence, as in "he is (he continually exists)," or (2) identity, as in "he is the man ('he' and 'the man' are the same thing)."

BIDIRECTIONAL EM WAVES

EM waves running antiparallel to each other through a given point or region of space.

Suppose we run a normal EM wave into a phase conjugating mirror (PCM) with a gain of 1. By ordinary phase conjugate optics, the mirror then emits a backwards-traveling phase conjugate replica wave (PCR wave). According to the so-called "distortion correction theorem," that backwards traveling wave will travel backwards (as seen by the external observer) back over the exact route taken by the previous wave, and it will reappear in space precisely superposed spatially with the previous waves. If we examine the impulse (density) fields (i.e., Edt), then the forward-time wave contains Edt while the backward time wave contains E(-dt), which is just -Edt. So electromagnetically—as far as producing a net translation force on a charge—the E-fields seem to cancel, although they are still there and their energy is still there. Instead of translation, the two produce stress. 

One thus (simple case) will have a strange kind of standing wave wherein the local energy density of the vacuum varies (e.g., sinusoidally) as a function of distance, but a charged particle placed in it will not be translated! Rigorously, that is a gravitational standing wave. Since change in local energy density is also a curvature of spacetime, that is also a standing sinusoidal wave of the local curvature of spacetime. This is where electromagnetics and gravitation actually meet, and where electromagnetics can be utilized to produce gravitational waves. (Much more complex waves can be produced; this is just the simplest example).

BIDIRECTIONAL FIELD FLOWS

E-fields (and B-fields) being propagated in a pair of opposite waves traveling "through" each other in opposite directions,

...where the two may be "locked together" as a wave and its antiwave; i.e., as a "Whittaker biwave pair".  Note that Whittaker bidirectional EM wavepairs are not to be confused with the pairing of the wave and reflection wave on a transmission line.

BIDIRECTIONAL GATING

Gating (of energy flow, e.g.) in both directions simultaneously.

BIDIRECTIONAL TRAVELING PLANE WAVE

A wave and its antiwave, where each wave is moving in an opposite direction (standard assumption in phase conjugate physics).

In short, to the external observer the waves seem to be "moving through" each other; one from left to right, and the other from right to left; or one radially outward and the other radially inward. All scalar potentials were shown by Stoney and Whittaker to be comprised of a harmonic series of such "bidirectional traveling wave pairs."  However, the interpretation of the phase conjugate waves was after detection, so that the detected "effect" wave existed in 3-space.  Prior to detection, the phase conjugate half-set of the Whittaker decomposition of the scalar potential is convergent from and in the time domain (complex plane).

BIOELECTROMAGNETICS (BEM)

Presently, the scientific study of interactions between living organisms and electromagnetic fields, forces, energies, currents, and charges.  The range of interactions studied ranges from atomic and molecular, through intracellular, to the whole organism. 

Electromagnetic fields studied in BEM include those of endogenous origin (from within the organism) and exogenous origin (from outside the organism).  Sources of exogenous fields include: the earth and sun, electrical equipment (power lines, radio transmitters, etc.), clinical treatment devices (e.g., TENS), and other organisms.  The electromagnetic fields of greatest interest in BEM are generally classified as nonionizing (i.e., lacking sufficient energy to directly dislodge electrons from molecules or atoms.)  BEM is a scientific discipline emerging on the boundaries between physics and biology.  As in other sciences, progress in BEM is made by testing falsifiable hypotheses against valid measured data obtained in repeatable experiments.

Our new viewpoint seeks to dramatically enlarge the scope of this definition, to include not only the presently-recognized external (outfolded) electromagnetics, but also the internal (infolded, inside the scalar EM potential) electromagnetics, and also to utilize a unified field theory where EM is GR and vice versa.

BIOENERGETICS

That branch of Russian (KGB) energetics which is targeted against the living body, its cells and tissues, and its EM fields and potentials (biofields and biopotentials).

BIOGENESIS

Generation of living organisms from other living organisms; also, the theory or philosophy that living organisms develop only from other living organisms.

BIOLOGICAL WARFARE

Warfare against living humans, livestock, crops, etc. using pathogenic micro-organisms  or biocides to create diseases and death, or using dimensioned electromagnetic potentials, fields, and waves to kindle cellular damage, disease, and death in the same targeted populations.

BIOLOGICAL WARFARE, ELECTROMAGNETIC

The use of dimensioned electromagnetic potentials, fields, and waves to induce cellular damage, disease, and death in targeted living populations.

The decades of Russian microwave radiation of personnel in the former U.S. Embassy in Moscow is an example, where only field-free potentials were dimensioned with the disease or health-change patterns (the engines).  This science was developed in Russia as an outgrowth of the thousands of Kaznacheyev experiments demonstrating that any cellular disease and damage pattern could be induced  from diseased or damaged cells into environmentally isolated cell cultures, purely by specialized EM radiation from the damaged or "transmitting" cells into the targeted cells.

The Chinese also used such dimensioned radiation to induce cancer in almost all GRU operatives stationed in China at the time of the major disagreement between China and Russia.  In his book, Stanislov Lunev and Ira Winkler, Through the Eyes of the Enemy: Russia's Highest Ranking Military Defector Reveals Why Russia Is More Dangerous Than Ever, Regnery, Washington, D.C., 1998, p. 160, Lunev reveals it this way:"…I was not the only person who was stationed in Beijing to come down with cancer… Almost all of the GRU officers stationed in China with me have been diagnosed with cancer.  People assigned to the embassy had told me that they were picking up high levels of radiation from the apartment building around the embassy compound.  Whether it was a form of high-tech monitoring or a conscious effort to harm our health, it seems to have been successful.  So much so that in 1992 the GRU was asked to investigate the high rate of cancer among embassy officials.  The findings, however, have never been made public; in part, no doubt, because of the rapprochement between Russia and China."  In short, the Chinese did exactly to the Russian GRU what the Russians were doing to the Americans.

BIOPHOTON

A quantum  of angular momentum, each containing "a piece of energy welded to a piece of time, with no seam in the middle," emitted by biomolecules in living organisms.  The difference between a biophoton and a normal photon is that the "infolded EM structuring" (ST curvature engine sets) carried by the biophoton carries the dynamics and templates of the living cell or tissue or body emitting the radiation.

As presently known, biophoton emission is associated with processes such as mitosis (cell division) and with mechanisms such as soliton vibrations of DNA and other alpha-helix proteins [Popp et. al., 1984; Popp et. al., 1992].  An organism's biophoton field may represent a highly-structured innate organizing field capable of encoding or transmitting information over macroscopic distances.

Kaznacheyev, e.g., showed that almost any cellular disease or damage condition can be induced from the diseased control cells to separated and environmentally isolated target cells initially normal, if (1) the visible spectrum of radiation is blocked from the targeted cells, and (2) the two groups of cells are optically connected below and above the optical spectrum, in the infrared and in the ultraviolet.

The new viewpoint seeks to dramatically extend the scope of this definition.  Considering the wave aspects of the photon frequency, the infolded oscillating EM energy in the photon may be decomposed into two oscillating potentials [Whittaker, 1904].  In each of these potentials, there exists a magnificent infolded structure [Whittaker, 1903] of internal bidirectional EM wave pairs, to include the sum set [Whittaker] and the product set [Ziolkowski].  Thus the photon carries internal information, which is also referred to as the "information content of the field."  Since the product set represents modulations, the basic infolded structure has signal characteristics.  Mind, thought, and long term memory exist inside the personal quantum potential, which may further be regarded as consisting of coupling and uncoupling photon/antiphoton pairs—i.e., hidden gravitons.  In the new viewpoint, the biophoton is the carrier of biogravitons, and also biograviton lattices.  This information forms vacuum engines which can cumulate over a period of time to breach the quantum threshold and outfold, producing real change in cells, as shown by the Kaznacheyev cytopathogenic mirror effect experiments.

BIOQUANTUM POTENTIAL

A quantum potential connected to and of a living body, where the inner EM structuring and dynamics of the quantum potential are in correspondence with the inner  EM structuring of the normal EM fields, potentials, and waves in the body, and also are in correspondence with the time-polarized EM structuring and dynamics of the mind and its operations. 

The biopotential provides the volition and intent exhibited by the biological body, breaching the quantum threshold and producing direct psychokinetic change (by the mind-body coupling mechanism) that is the "input signal" to the servomechanisms of the body,. from the smallest to the largest.  In this biopotential, the Stoney-Whittaker-Ziolkowski decomposition provides the information structure and vacuum engines that are the mind, thought, long term memory, etc.  A living biological system may be defined as a physical system of otherwise inert matter (the body) and of mind, coupled to each other through a bioquantum potential.

BLOCKING

In the charge-barrier semiconductor functioning, stopping or partially stopping the flow of current in a circuit, or between two points, without stopping the Poynting S-flow.

In ordinary usage, "stopping the progress of."

BOHM, DAVID

World renowned physicist and originator of the hidden variable theory interpretation of quantum mechanics.  See David J. Bohm, "A Suggested Interpretation of the Quantum Theory in Terms of 'Hidden' Variables, I and II." Physical Review, 85(2), Jan. 15, 1952, p. 166-179 (Part I); 180-193 (Part II).

Together with his student Aharonov, he co-authored a fundamental paper on the Aharonov-Bohm effect wherein interfering electromagnetic potentials can produce effects on charged particle systems, even at a distance and in the absence of the electromagnetic force fields.

BOHM'S HIDDEN VARIABLE THEORY (HVT)

A major interpretation of quantum mechanics, formulated by David Bohm and published in Physical Review in 1952.

See David J. Bohm, "A Suggested Interpretation of the Quantum Theory in Terms of 'Hidden' Variables, I and II," Physical Review, 85(2), Jan. 15, 1952, p. 166-179 (Part I); 180-193 (Part II). Bohm's theory makes all the correct predictions and also eliminates many problems in quantum mechanics, such as the "measurement problem" and the—now alarming—problem of the missing chaos (i.e., the missing "hidden order.").

Ironically, the prevailing Copenhagen interpretation of the QM theory predicts that the organized macroscopic world does not exist, while Bohm's theory predicts it. [Question to the sharp young graduate student: How can one defend a scientific model which predicts that he himself does not exist? If one keeps one's sense of humor, it would seem that this has to be the greatest scientific faux pas of all time!] It may be that one unconscious reason that most physicists still oppose HVT is that it implies that physical reality can in fact be deterministically engineered. Most physicists would seem to fervently wish physical reality to stay "solid as a brick," with fixed "laws of nature," which can be leisurely discovered and then utilized comfortably, predictably, and sanely. The advent of HVT (which is just a matter of time; for decades the Russians have highly weaponized the HVT area!) dramatically alters our perception of "fixed physical reality" into that of an "engineerable, changeable" physical reality! I tentatively believe that the terrible psychological implications of such a potential development is something that most scientists do not wish to cope with—we simply do not have the Gestalt for it. On the other hand, the Russian national psychology is such that they do have the Gestalt for it. The Russian energetics—which I have long referred to loosely as scalar electromagnetics—basically utilizes the infolded ordering inside the potential to create "direct patterns of vacuum flux", hence vacuum engines. And it also utilizes the quantum potential, including internally structuring the QP, to enable instantaneous action-at-a-distance in multiple simultaneous locations and nodes, with stupendous and automatic energy amplification.

By deterministically "patterning" the internal structuring of the scalar potential, one can directly form such vacuum engines. Whittaker showed in 1904 that any EM field pattern whatsoever can be expressed as two scalar potentials, rather than the common f and A representation. This means that any EM wave is simply the "interference" (between the hidden biwave structures) of two scalar potentials, even at a distance. By properly structuring an EM signal (i.e., structuring the two potentials into which it can be decomposed), the resulting EM signal—appearing normal on the surface—nonetheless now transports special vacuum engines deliberately designed to perform some particular internal task in mass systems, electronic systems, or humans when it strikes a target at a distance. I refer to this "internal structuring" of the Stoney/Whittaker/Ziolkowski internal biwaves and their products, as dimensioning of the potential(s), and hence of the EM carrier wave. The Russians call it the information content of the field; but our own scientists tend to erroneously interpret that phrase as ordinary spectral analysis. In other words, they erroneously continue to regard EM vacuum engines as if they were ordinary EM signals.

BOHREN EXPERIMENT

Revealing experiment by Bohren, replicated by Paul and Fischer, which shows that a given charge when in particle resonance absorbs more energy from a field or potential then the same charge does in "static" position. 

By conventional outlook, this provides a guaranteed COP>1.0 process.  Bohren demonstrated absorbing 18 times more energy with the charge in particle resonance than with the static charge.  This is a direct experiment proving the Heaviside dark energy component of EM energy flow, whether in field form or in potential form.

See Craig F. Bohren, "How can a particle absorb more than the light incident on it"?", American Journal of Physics, 51(4), Apr. 1983, p. 323-327.  See independent confirmation of Bohren's work by H. Paul and R. Fischer, ibid., p. 327.  Other pertinent references are V. S. Letokhov, "Laser Maxwell's Demon," Contemporary Physics, 36(4), 1995, p. 235-243; — "Generation of Light by a scattering medium with negative resonance absorption," Soviet Physics JETP, 26(4), Apr. 1968, p. 835-839; — "Double Gamma and optical resonance," Physics Letters A, Vol. 43, 1973, p. 179-180; — "Stimulated emission of an ensemble of scattering particles with negative absorption," ZhETF Plasma, 5(8), Apr. 15, 1967, p. 262-265.  Also see R. Pappalardo and A. Lempicki, "Brillouin and Rayleigh Scattering in Aprotic Laser Solutions Containing Neodymium," Journal of Applied Physics, Apr. 1992, p. 1699-1708

BRIDGE

A component or process which passes EM energy between two isolated circuits, but does not pass dq/dt between them, and which breaks the normal rigidly field-locked power dissipations in the two circuits.

Space itself would appear to be one such bridge.

BRIDGING FUNCTION

The function of passing EM energy flow between two isolated circuits, but not passing dq/dt between them, while simultaneously breaking any normal rigidly field-locked power dissipations in the two circuits.

BROKEN SYMMETRY

The fundamental meaning is a condition in which two parts of some configuration or shape on opposite sides of some divisor or condition or boundary, are not similar but differ.

In vacuum energy physics, we are very interested in the fact that any charge and any dipole represents a broken symmetry in its fierce energy exchange with the vacuum.  This implies that something virtual has become observable; i.e., part of the virtual EM energy absorbed from the vacuum by the charge or by the dipole is changed into observable form and re-emitted as real, observable EM energy.

Any observable implies a broken symmetry.  Non-observables imply symmetry, and vice versa.  Each symmetry also can be represented by a conservation rule or law.  Physicists have uncovered many kinds of symmetry in physics; and in the 1950s they also discovered broken symmetry.

BROMWICH, THOMAS JOHN l'ANSON

Brilliant English mathematician, 1875-1929, who made significant contributions to the mathematics of electromagnetism—particularly to superpotential theory—before his passion for overwork led to development of a mental disorder and eventual suicide.

Bromwich originated a method for solving the source-free Maxwell equations in 1899, publishing it in 1919.  This approach formed the basis for his seminal paper on scattering of plane EM waves by spheres.  He did excellent original work on infinite series and made contributions to quadratic and bilinear forms.  He also placed Heaviside's operator calculus on a rigorous basis by treating the operators as contour integrals.  Unfortunately Bromwich worked so intensively, in such painstaking detail, and at such length that his physical health was affected.  He developed a mental disorder and eventually ended his own life in suicide.

For a summary of Bromwich's life and achievements, see G. H. Hardy, "Thomas John Bromwich," J. London Math. Soc. 5 (1930), 209-220; — "Obituary of Thomas John Bromwich," Proc. Roy. Soc. London A 129 (1930), i - x.  For an exposition of Bromwich's equations-solving work, see J. D. Zund and J. M. Wilkes, "Bromwich's method for solving the source-free Maxwell equations," Tensor (NS) 55 (2) (1994), 192-196.

BROWN, G. SPENCER

Noted author and creator of the laws of form, a new form of logic that dramatically extends Aristotelian logic. 

Essentially Brown added complex numbers to logic, rather than just staying with simple 2-dimensional plane figures for postulate derivation.  Electrical circuits— designed by Brown's logic—do function and do work.  When computer software is designed by Brown's logic, it is then possible to mathematically prove whether or not the end result possesses any defects (bugs).  In the future software—particularly the larger systems—may well be designed by Brown's logic.  G. Spencer Brown, Laws of Form, Julian Press, New York, 1972. With a dramatic advance in logic itself, Brown has succeeded in formulating a true calculus of form.  Note: There is now a second edition of the book.

BULK GRADIENT CHANGE

Simply a change in the amplitude of the entire potential,

… (i.e., to every internal biwave pair comprising it) at some point or in some region of space, as compared to changing the amplitude of only one or a few of the internal biwave pairs of the potential, without changing all the rest.

BYPASS RESISTOR

In electrical theory, a resistor to pass current by (in parallel to) some other component.

If other effects such as use of the overpotential, pumped phase conjugate reflection, quantum wells, quantum tunneling, and charge blocking are added, the function of the bypass resistor becomes extremely complicated.

CANCER

Conventional definition:  A malignant tumor of potentially unlimited growth that expands locally by invasion and systemically by metastasis. 

Growths are further characterized by the type of tissue in which they occur, and their actions.  Of particular interest are neoplasm, tumor, carcinoma, and sarcoma.  Malignant disorders tend to produce deterioration, infiltrate, metastasize, and terminate fatally.  A neoplasm is simply any new growth of tissue that serves no useful function.  A tumor is an abnormal mass of tissue that (1) is not inflammatory, (2) arises from preexisting cells, and (3) serves no useful purpose. A carcinoma is a malignant tumor of epithelial (covering membraneous tissue of a free surface) origin.  A sarcoma is a malignant neoplasm that arises in mesodermal tissue (connective tissue, bone, cartilage, or striated muscle) and that spreads by (1) extension into neighboring tissue or (2) by way of the bloodstream, or (3) both.

New definition of cancer:  A centrally-commanded, final, desperate, "first-step dedifferentiation" adaptive attempt by stressed, affected cells experiencing sustained oxygen shortage (hypoxia) to reverse their cellular evolution and return to the anaerobic stage of their primeval cellular ancestry.  Thus a cancer cell is a severely stressed hypoxic cell that has been "ordered" by the master cellular control system (MCCS) to dedifferentiate back to a more primeval form in which it needed little or no oxygen.  It is the last desperate attempt by the body to insure the affected cells' survival when all other means available to the MCCS to provide the necessary oxygen have been exhausted and have failed.  The "order" differs from normal signal theory in that it consists of a Stoney/Whittaker/Ziolkowski template inside the personal quantum potential of the organism.  Thus the "order" actually consists of a vacuum engine, so that the spacetime in which the affected cell exists is acted upon by structured, energetic hidden variable fingers to directly alter it.  The "signal order" is in fact a set of hidden vector forces in spacetime itself, created directly in and on the affected cell(s), in every part, in every atom.  The cure for the cancerous cell, once formed, is simply to cause the MCCS to generate the "counter-order" reversing the original dedifferentiating action.  This can be readily accomplished by establishing hidden multifrequency pump waves in the quantum potential on the cancerous cell, on all its parts, so that they act as pumped phase conjugate mirrors.  Since they already exist in the altered "cancer" spacetime template/signal, the pumping causes a phase conjugate replica of the precise cancer state to be created in and on the cell and its parts.  [In fact this is a general therapeutic mechanism, and it can be applied to reverse almost any conceivable cellular damage or disorder.]  This counter-order is a new and amplified vacuum engine that acts upon the cell to redifferentiate it back to a normal cell.  If an abnormal number of cells results, the body's normal processes then recognize the excess cells and destroys them.

CANCER HOTSPOT

An area or locality or location where cancer recurs repeatedly, more than the normal deviation expected statistically.  In such case, one is dealing with a hidden cause or carcinogen. 

Human systems exposed to such a hotspot experience cellular changes (hypoxia) which eventually result in the master cellular control system (MCCS) issuing a dedifferentiation order to the affected cells to regress back to a primeval anaerobic form.  The first step is dissociation from central (MCCS) control of cellular growth, resulting in a cell that now grows and divides unrestrained by the normal body.  The real question in the hotspot is, "What is the unknown agent inducing the hypoxia condition, and what is the mechanism by means of which it induces it?"  Epidemology will point out a hotspot, but is usually incapable of resolving the primary causative agent or its active mechanism since it can only show correlation.

CAPACITOR AS A TRANSMISSION LINE

A capacitor can be theoretically treated as a special type of transmission line, a fact which is apparently known to transmission line theorists but not to many engineers and physicists not specializing in transmission lines.

CARCINOGEN

A substance or agent (such as a chemical or a spacetime curvature engine) capable of inducing a cancer.

In the new theory, the primary carcinogen is an actual order (a vacuum engine) issued by the master cellular control system (MCCS), reverting (dedifferentiating) the affected cell to a primal anaerobic form.  Usually what are normally regarded as carcinogens are also causes of cellular conditions wherein the cell becomes very hypoxic, so much so that the MCCS exhausts all other alternative corrective means and as a last desperate measure orders the cell to change to a form that requires little or no oxygen.  The "exhausting of other measures" may be very rapid, as when the cell has been affected and damaged by powerful carcinogens, or it may require decades to occur, as when the cell is subjected to long-term mild hypoxia, such as from electromagnetic smog.

CARRIER WAVE

A fundamental wave which is modulated by another wave or other waves, and hence "carries" the other waveform(s).  By stripping off the carrier in a demodulator, the carried waveform(s) emerges.

Hence it is a continuous frequency wave which can be modulated by an information-bearing signal.

CASIMIR EFFECT

The attraction of two conducting parallel plates in space, placed very close together, due to their influence on the active vacuum and on the vacuum's interaction with the plates.

CASIMIR, HENDRIK BRUGT GERHARD (1909-2000)

Noted scientist who in 1948 predicted that two parallel conducting plates, placed very near each other in a vacuum, would experience an attractive force due to their influence on the electromagnetic vacuum.

See H. B. G. Casimir, “On the attraction between two perfectly conducting plates,” presented at a meeting of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences on 29 May, 1948.  Published in the same year in Proceeding. Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Amsterdam, vol. 51(7), 1948, p. 793-796.  For a beautiful modern experiment confirming the force, see S.K. Lamoreaux, “Demonstration of the Casimir Force in the 0.6 to 6mm range,” Physical Review Letters, 78(1), Jan. 6, 1997, p. 5-8.

The force was experimentally detected some 10 years later.

CAUSAL SYSTEM ROBOTS (CSRs)

Massless 4-space "engine" systems (therefore in the causal domain only, hence the name) formed of longitudinal EM waves and their dynamics, which are therefore sets of spacetime curvatures and their deterministic dynamics (engines) which function as individual robots.

This is a totally new kind of system leading to a totally new kind of warfare, developed over some decades and deployed by the KGB in 1999.

Matter is composed mostly of empty space filled with EM waves, fields, and potentials.  Those "fillers" themselves are just bundles of longitudinal EM waves and their impressed dynamics.  Hence all matter, the vacuum, and all conventional EM potentials, fields, and waves—being filled with vast sets of longitudinal EM waves—are vast superhighways for longitudinal EM waves to travel on or in.  The CSRs, being totally LW and LW dynamics in nature, thus are free to travel right through EM radiations from power lines, phone lines, TV stations, radio stations, etc.  They easily penetrate any matter, including right through a mountain.  Any function of a normal EM system can be performed—at least in theory—by such robots.  This includes longitudinal EM wave interferometry, which forms external EM fields and waves, of whatever pattern or form desired.  Further, these CSRs are actual functioning systems, and if communications functions are designed in, one can communicate with them at a distance, using longitudinal EM wave communication, right through the intervening earth and ocean, etc.

For some time, extensive underground facilities—hundreds—have been building in the former Soviet Union, and this massive buildup continued unabated after the Russian economy collapsed and the Berlin Wall came down.  This tremendous expenditure, when the Russian economy was crippled, shows the strategic significance of these facilities.  Further, apparently our satellites have not seen any missiles, normal weapons or munitions, etc. associated with that vast complex.  In short, it is suspected that we don't have the foggiest notion of what it is.  Indeed, those facilities will already have sent some CSRs into those very satellites, to insure that we do not find out what is going on, and perhaps to "spy on the spy satellites".

We think these terribly important facilities are the KGB-controlled facilities for developing and producing the CSRs, and contain a vast longitudinal EM wave command and control set of facilities as well.  In short, this is the strategic arsenal, development, and control for building sets of various type CSRs in huge numbers—a vast new army of robots with unprecedented capabilities, under the command and control of a human "strategic force" operations command of very large size.

Developing and debugging one CSR would be a formidable and lengthy task.  Once a single one is developed, making a million copies is simple.  Just take a normal CD-ROM, e.g., and record something on it.  Send in a working CSR robot to "reside inside" the infolded EM interior of the recorded informational electromagnetic pattern on the CD-ROM.  Then simply copy that CE-ROM magnetically, as many times as is desired.  Each copy contains a copy of the original signal that was recorded, including the exact infolded electromagnetic structuring inside that signal.  Voila!  One has as many new duplicate CSRs of that exact type, as one wishes, for a few pennies each.

One can see the implications.  In all those underground facilities, there are many development laboratories, production laboratories, and command and control facilities and "storage facilities" for the robots.  Those hundreds of facilities are in fact a great new strategic weapon system and all its development labs and production facilities, as well as its tactical control and command and control systems, its "troops", its "equipment", and its commanders and operators.

Well, then one can deploy and "utilize" such a strategic armada just as one would use any other great strategic army.  One "deploys" one's forces against the enemy.  In this case, one just sends the armada (individually controlled!) right through the "LW superhighways" of matter itself, right into the strategic territory and very heart of the targeted nation.  One deploys the robots everywhere—e.g., inside the electronics in nuclear warheads, inside the control systems for the nuclear submarines and nuclear bombers, inside the satellites, inside the fighter aircraft electronics, inside the fighting ships, inside the main battle tanks and major weapons carriers, inside the signals on the hard drives of computers, etc.  One sends them right through the "inside" of the targeted nation's power grid electrical energy signals, through the TV stations' emitted signals, etc.  The Pentagon and Cheyenne Mountain are duck soup, as is the stock exchange and other civilian systems vital to continued functioning of the infrastructure.  So is everywhere else, even the deepest vault and "special security" facility.

In short, the vast electronic command and control activities of an otherwise "modern" superpower provide great, convenient, easy superhighways for full strategic deployment to be completed by millions of weapons systems (CSRs) into everything of value in the targeted nation or nations.  This completely solves the usual weapons delivery problem; delivery is made in advance of D-Day.

Such a vast CSR armada was deployed throughout the Western world, and particularly in the United States, just before the end of 1999.  Yes, this was to be the KGB's great millennium gift to America—a really enormous Y2K problem that would stun and disable the entire nation, its armed forces, its electronic systems in its major weapons, and its command and control centers in one great TOT (time on target) assault.  The major electrical power systems of the nation would have been disabled, as would have been the major communications systems.  Using LW interferometry, the robots would have wreaked havoc on the nation.  They would have disabled the electronics of every major C4I computer of importance, every major fighter aircraft, every major fighting ship, every nuclear submarine, every ICBM, every nuclear powerplant, etc.  The attacking force was in its deployment and employment sites in the targets themselves.  Everything was in place and cocked and ready to fire.  To test whether we knew what was going on, the KGB even had one or more robots temporarily produce hacker-type operations and signals "emerging" in some U.S. command and control center computers, and deliberately let our fellows discover this "hacker attack" was coming from the Russian Academy of Science.  Then the CSR simply stopped its LW interferometry, which caused the "normal hacker electronic" signals to just vanish and never reappear.  Little wonder that our counter-type fellows were totally unable to find any trace of it, or where it was residing.  They have no technology for such.

Well, happily those early-model CSRs are easy to root out and destroy, if one has quite advanced LW technology.  Visualize these beasts as existing in a special sort of "internal sky" or "infolded atmosphere" inside matter.  Strategic range LW "radars" can just sweep through this "internal atmosphere" inside matter, etc., detecting and tracking those CSR beasts analogous to how normal radar detects and tracks aircraft.  The difference is that the strategic LW can also use a bit of LWI pulse to instantly snap those CSRs like popping bugs, completely jamming their operations or even "erasing" them once their characteristics are observed.

That very new kind of vast strategic warfare occurred right at the end of 1999, all through the United States—the Pentagon, our strategic weapon systems, the works.  The friendly little nation rooted out and destroyed all those "on site" CSRs just prior to the attack being launched.

A full-up strategic war, of previously unknown kind, was fought all over the U.S. and our own system guys apparently didn't know it.  It didn't even surface.  Didn't make a whimper.

That hostile CSR armada consisted of first generation systems.  These systems did not have defensive countermeasures.  The systems were depending on total surprise, but were found out (that is another story that would make a great movie if one could live to film it) and then were destroyed in short order.

CSR development has ushered in a totally new kind of strategic, operational, and tactical warfare.  The delivery of all the weapon systems "into the target" is accomplished long before the advent of hostilities.  The second generation CSRs, once built, will be even more sophisticated.  These will almost certainly be on line soon.  They will likely also possess countermeasures.

An eerie new chapter in the annals of warfare has been initiated, and the world will never be the same again.  Once the CSRs have sufficient defensive countermeasures such as stealth means and coordination with countering, rapid response LWIs to target and destroy the hostile "LW radars" seeking them, etc., the next world-wide strategic CSR war will be neither so simple nor so bloodless.

NOTE: Contrast this CSR discussion to the discussion of nanotechnology and nanobots.  Just as nanobots are natural developments which teams skilled in nanotechnology would produce, so CSRs are natural developments which teams skilled in longitudinal EM wave technology—and in the "infolded" electrodynamics inside all EM fields, potentials, and waves—would produce.  For decades (since the 1950s) the KGB has been developing and using longitudinal EM wave interferometers (LWIs) which beam right through the "inner highways" inside the fields and waves inside matter, thus allowing very large LWIs which beam right through the intervening earth and ocean, and can "focus" under the ocean or within the earth as well as out of it.  With such background, the CSRs were just as natural a development for them as the nanobots are for conventional Western nanotechnology scientists.

CAUSALITY

The relationship between "cause" and "effect".  The basic notion in a causal system is that the system's response to an input signal is not dependent upon future input values.

Thus the notion of causality involves a precise time ordering of ordinary inert interactions, where the cause was never input from a future time.  Macroscopic (observable) causality may be and is violated by the interaction of hidden subquantal (virtual state) variables.

CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE

Each half of the cerebrum, i.e., each half of the enlarged anterior or upper part of the vertebrate brain.

The two cerebral hemispheres may function as a longitudinal EM wave interferometer or a time-polarized (scalar) EM interferometer to sense distant scenes (even distant in time), or produce EM energy and signals at a distance, since the body, brain, and nervous system does produce longitudinal EM waves and scalar EM waves.  For proof of scalar EM wave interferometry in O(3) electrodynamics, see M.W. Evans, P.K. Anastasovski, T.E. Bearden et al., "On Whittaker's Representation of the Electromagnetic Entity in Vacuo, Part V: The Production of Transverse Fields and Energy by Scalar Interferometry," Journal of New Energy, 4(3), Special Issue, Winter 1999, p. 76-78.

CHANGING THE PAST

Every intentional inception upon ordinary inert causality prior to collapse of the wave function represents a slight alteration or change in direction, departing minutely from pure causality.  From a causal viewpoint, each human inception minutely changes the causal past, as well as the future.

Experimental proof that the causal past can be changed is provided by the delayed choice two-slit experiment.  E.g., see C.W. Rietdijk, "Another proof that the future can influence the present."  Foundations of Physics, 11(9/10), 1981, p. 783-790.  Particularly see Wheeler, John Archibald Wheeler, "The 'past' and the 'delayed-choice' double-slit experiment," in A.R. Marlow [Ed], Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Theory, Loyola University, New Orleans, Louisiana, June 2-4, 1977; Academic Press, New York, 1978, p. 9-48.

CHAOS

In dissipative dynamical systems, the dynamical evolution that is aperiodic and highly dependent upon initial conditions of the system.

The trajectories of the system move on a strange attractor, which is a fractal subspace of the phase space.

The term suggests the ordinary meaning of random and unpredictable disorder, but there exists intrinsic determinism and at least partial embedded ordering.  The mathematical equations describing chaotic behavior are very nonlinear and so complex that at the present time they cannot be computed or predicted.  Even simple systems, including simple electromagnetic systems, can exhibit unpredictable chaotic behavior.  The science of chaotic dynamics is still in its infancy, having begun moving once the modern computers became economical and pervasive.

CHARGE, ELECTRICAL (Q)

Electrical charge q is defined as q º mqfq, to first order.

As can be seen, the actual "charge" action associated with the mass is due totally to fq, and to the broken symmetry of fq in the vacuum flux exchange with mq.  The charge q can be further broken down into a set of composite dipoles if the gathering of a virtual charge screen in the vacuum, surrounding the mass of the "bare charge" inside the gathering, is included. At first order, fq can be expressed (particle view) as a change in the local vacuum virtual photon flux (VPF), due to the VPF exchange between vacuum and mq. The fq component is actually the "electrical charge" and massless of itself.

However, see my paper, "Giant Negentropy of the Common Dipole," Journal of New Energy, 5(1) Summer 2000, p. 11-23.  We include the isolated charge by treating it as a system of multiple composite dipoles.  We also explain the previously unrecognized 4-symmetry EM energy flow ongoing, where incoming longitudinal EM waves are being received, transduced into real longitudinal EM waves in 3-space, with the latter being emitted in all directions in 3-space.

A charged particle of mass is thus a little energy flow generator. It is a broken 3-symmetry in the local VPF, and therefore has an "observable" energy flow output, extracted and gated from the asymmetry in the VPF. This "observable" energy flow outputs the well-known energy flow S in classical EM, though CEM does not recognize or include this vacuum interaction, the broken 3-symmetry of the dipole, and the steady input of EM energy to the dipole in the form of EM energy from the time domain (complex plane).

Instead, classical EM just assumes that the "charge" q is the source of a potential. When originally formed as a concept, q was just a "quantity of electric fluid," like a "cubic centimeter of fluid," etc. The atom and the electron had not yet been discovered.

CHARGE CARRIERS

Anything—usually fundamental particles, ions, etc.—which consists of or contains charges and can move.

It can be an electron, a collection of electrons fixed in a moving dielectric, ions, atoms, molecules, etc.

The moving charge (i.e., the current dq/dt) with an energy flow streaming onto it and on beyond, carries its interaction with that energy-flow right along with it in the current
i = dq/dt. This is what the charge's "excess collected energy" consists of, and this is how the collected/collecting energy in the circuit is transported to the collected-energy dissipation sites (loads and losses).

CHARGE, GRAVITATIONAL

To be added

CHARGE, MAGNETIC

Essentially, the magnetic scalar potential, or monopole. 

In an uncurved spacetime, the magnetic charge must always occur in dipolar pairs, where each is equal and opposite the other.  In a curved spacetime, a free net monopolar magnetic charge may and does exist.  In classical electrodynamics, the assumption of a locally flat spacetime is ubiquitous though not prominently emphasized.  Hence most electrical engineers are unaware that monopoles can indeed be made, but only if one uses a process to curve local spacetime.

CHARGE-PARITY-TIME (CPT) THEOREM

The theorem states that all known quantum field theories obey CPT symmetry.

C is charge conjugation, which changes the quantum number of every particle into its antiparticle.  P is the reflection operation known as parity  which turn an object into its mirror image and rotates it 180 degrees about an axis perpendicular to the mirror, T is time reversal.  Any violation of time-reversal symmetry is always accompanied by a violation of CP symmetry and vice versa.

Electrodynamics and the strong interaction preserve CP symmetry to great accuracy.  Weak interactions do not conserve CP symmetry.  T symmetry violation has been shown at CERN, the European particle physics laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland.

CHARGE TRAPPING (Also "Pinning")

Holding charges "pinned" or "trapped" by a barrier or force, so that they do not flow as
i = dq/dt.

CHARGE-BARRIER

A process or component or function—particularly in a semiconductor such as the Fogal semiconductor—which blocks the movement of charges q as current dq/dt.

CHARGE-BLOCKING ASYMMETRIC QUANTUM WELLS

A quantum well which has more charge-blocking action in one direction than the other, and is thus "asymmetric" in its function.

It may also be dynamic, so that it changes in its degree (and/or its direction) of action as a function of time.

CLASSICAL AND QUANTAL ELECTRODYNAMICS

Classical EM (CEM) theory is simply classical electrodynamics (CED).

Classical EM does not break the fields into "quanta" (a quantum is a standard-sized piece of action (angular momentum)]. Instead, CEM considers the fields as continuously varying in magnitude from zero to infinite magnitude (at least in theory).

Quantal Electrodynamics is known as quantum electrodynamics (QED). These are standard terms for standard disciplines.  QED considers the fields to be composed of quanta called "photons".  Hence there is an underlying region called the "virtual state" whose denizens are "smaller in magnitude" than the quantum.  Heisenberg uncertainty applies, since the quantum of action is not quantized energy, but quantized (energy x time).  In short, it is a function of both the magnitude of the energy and its duration of persistence.  Hence a field or photon of any amount of energy may form temporarily, so long as it does not endure sufficiently long in observer time to reach quantum size and breach the quantum threshold.

In this view, then, "empty space" is not empty at all, but is a seething cauldron of these "energetic bubbles" continually appearing and disappearing, with the entire spectrum of frequencies and energies.  This is in fact the "new ether".  If we consider only the field portion of the bubbling virtual photons appearing and disappearing, this leads to a vacuum that consists of EM field fluctuations, again of essentially the entire frequency spectrum and energy spectrum.

However, how we attempt to tie either of these "energetic vacuum" EM views to general relativity (GR) is then a problem.  The cause of the problem, however, is largely ignored in physics.  In CED, e.g., one models EM energy moving through a flat space.  This is a non sequitur, since the presence of any change of the energy density of space a priori is a curvature of spacetime.  Hence rigorously EM energy can only propagate through a curved spacetime.  Indeed, when this correction is made, the EM wave becomes an oscillating curvature of spacetime.  This is the approach worked out by Mendel Sachs, extending Einstein's work.  The higher symmetry O(3) electrodynamics spearheaded by Evans turns out to be an important subset of Sach's umbrella unified field theory.  Hence EM has become GR, and for the first time in history, O(3) electrodynamics provides the approach that will allow direct engineering of general relativity on the lab bench, in working devices, etc.

CLASSICAL ELECTROMAGNETICS (CEM)

"Ordinary" electromagnetics, of the kind used in ordinary EM circuits, which fundamentally consists of the modified Maxwell's equations.

Classical EM consists of Maxwell's equations and the various changes and additions that have since been made.  CEM does not break the fields into "quanta" (a quantum is a standard-sized piece of action (angular momentum)]. Instead, CEM considers the fields as continuously varying in magnitude from zero to infinite magnitude (at least in theory).

Primarily refers to Maxwellian electrodynamics as reinterpreted by Heaviside, Gibbs, Hertz, and a few others.  Unfortunately these reinterpretations of Maxwell's theory also greatly reduced its topology, and therefore reduced the area of natural electrodynamic phenomena that the resulting equations describe.

Significantly more advanced "classical" electrodynamics emerges when one goes back to the quaternion algebra electrodynamics of Maxwell, or to the more advanced Clifford algebra electrodynamics.  The higher symmetry electrodynamics models such as O(3) symmetry EM developed by Evans and others, are capable of modeling a great deal more physical phenomena than the very limited standard U(1) electrodynamics largely in vogue in science. 

CLASSICAL EM THEORY

Classical electrodynamics theory, begun by Maxwell, with his seminal paper orally presented in 1864 and published in 1865.

Essentially Maxwell's electrodynamics at root basis, with the background supporting classical theory.  Today many variations have been made, particularly with the basic symmetry of the theoretical equations.  See discussion above under classical electromagnetics.

CLIFFORD ALGEBRA

A special higher topology algebra founded by Clifford, which includes as subsets many other algebras of lower topology.

CLOSED SYSTEM

A system that does not communicate with its environment, and does not exchange energy or matter between system and environment.

An ideal model where dynamically and energetically the system is considered to be "isolated" as if nothing else existed.  In short, consider the system as if it were in some "magic box" and nothing outside the box can ever enter the box or affect the system inside the box, and nothing in the system can ever leave the box or affect anything outside the box.

One performs a non sequitur whenever proclaiming treatment of a system as a "closed system", and of course good scientists are aware of this. This is particularly true in electrical power systems.  Here one is indeed allowed to input energy into the system to excite or potentialize it.  That of course assumes that the system was "opened" long enough to take on excess energy!  Then as the system operates, losses and dissipations occur, in which case energy is considered to "escape" from the system permanently.  In other words, the system was also continually "opened" so that energy could escape.

There is really no such thing as a truely closed system in the universe, since every system is embedded in the active vacuum and is an open system in an energy exchange with the vacuum.  If that exchange is symmetrical, then the system is in equilibrium with respect to the vacuum exchange.  In that case, the system may be treated as if it were a closed system for a limited number of purposes.  In classical electrodynamics (CED), the Lorentz regauging of the Maxwell-Heaviside equations further reduced them to describe only Maxwellian systems in such equilibrium with the active environment.  Consequently, the interaction between the external vacuum and the system is not included in the CED model.  Obviously a broken equilibrium in that actual physical interaction is also not included in the CED model.

An electrical power system is already permitted to violate the Lorentz condition when it
(1) receives additional EM energy to "energize" or "potentialize" or "excite" or "regauge" it, and (2) whenever energy escapes from the system in the loads and losses (which escapes of energy are "de-energizing", "depotentializing", "dissipating", or "regauging" actions.

Hence the Lorentz condition greatly simplifies the Maxwell-Heaviside equations and makes them much easier to solve.  However, when enforced by the system itself with regard to the system's excitation and de-excitation (dissipation) functionsi.e., when those functions are "symmetrical" (equal and opposite)—it also arbitrarily discards all those Maxwellian systems capable of the five "magical" functions of an open disequilibrium system:  (1) self-ordering, (2) self-oscillation or self-rotation, (3) output of more energy than the operator inputs (the excess energy is input by the active environment, (4) powering itself and its load (all the energy is input by the active environment, and (5) exhibiting negentropy.

It follows, however, that physical electrical power systems must therefore have some feature which self-imposes the Lorentz condition, at least during the phase when the system's excitation energy is discharged in the loads and losses.  The standard closed current loop system, where every electron progressing through the external circuit's loads and losses must be forcibly rammed back up through the source dipole in the power source, is indeed what enforces the Lorentz condition with respect to excitation and dissipation, and arbitrarily prevents the system from achieving COP>1.0.

In a battery-powered system, the otherwise closed current loop is broken into two quite different circuits: (1) the electron current circuit between the outer surface of the plates and the external loads and losses, and (2) the ion current in the electrolyte between the inner surface of the plates.  Since the ions (e.g., in a lead-acid battery) in the "inner" ion current may have a m/q ratio very much greater than that of the electrons in the "outer" electron current, clever timing of pulsed signals to the plates may be used to form a phase difference—including even a phase angle of 180°—between the two currents.  It can be shown that this forms a high potential on the plates which acts as a negative resistor, extracting EM energy from the vacuum and recharging the battery while simultaneously powering the external circuit.  This is the Bedini process, and with Bedini's permission an explanation of that process has been published by Bearden  ["Bedini's Method For Forming Negative Resistors In Batteries," Journal of New Energy, 5(1), Summer 2000, p. 24-38.]  Note that Bedini's process in fact repeatedly removes the Lorentz regauging condition, and therefore the system is rigorously permitted to achieve not only COP>1.0 but also self-powering of itself and its loads and losses.

COLD EXPLOSION

The sudden extraction of EM heat energy from a distant intersection zone (IZ) of the crossing beams of a scalar potential interferometer, which transmits in the sharply pulsed mode, while the electrical grounding of the transmitters are negatively biased with respect to the potential in the distant IZ.

COLD FUSION

An ad hoc term applied to the transmutations at low energy achieved in electrolyte experiments, particularly when using specially prepared palladium electrodes, and particularly when deuterium is present in the electrolyte.

COMPOSITE DIPOLE

Dipole formed as one part of an isolated, observable "charged particle", consisting of a differential element of that observable charge on one end and a momentary clustering virtual charge of opposite sign.

In quantum electrodynamics, it is well-known that virtual charges of opposite signs cluster in the immediate vacuum around any "isolated" observable charge.  By applying the composite dipole concept, this author was able to treat the isolated charge as a set of composite dipoles.  By then applying Whittaker's decomposition of the scalar potential between the ends of each of these composite dipoles, the "source charge" was a set of broken 3-symmetries in the vacuum flux, and thus a set of 4-symmetries in that flux exchange.  This meant that the EM energy continuously output in all directions by the source charge was actually continuously received by the source charge (as a set of composite dipoles) from the time-domain, and 4-conservation of EM energy flow rigorously was upheld.

This allowed a solution to what has been called the most formidable problem in both classical and quantum electrodynamics: the problem of the association of the source charge and its associated fields and potentials along with the energy contained by them and continuously pouring from the charge without any 3-space energy input.

CONCOMITANT

Occurring or existing together.

CONGLOMERATE HIERARCHY OF THE PHOTONS

Every photon remains perfectly ordered! A conglomerate (group) of photons, however, may be arranged in almost an infinite variety of orderings, groupings, directions, etc.—which we refer to as templates and as hierarchies (group orderings) of photons.

In a pure energy flow (energy transport), the "herd" of photons is organized along the flow direction. Regardless of how one scatters or "disorders" this patterning of the "herd" or "hierarchical ordering" of photons, not one single bit of the underlying energy and individual photon ordering is lost. So when one "uses" energy (e.g., scatters the hierarchical ordering of a photon herd from a resistor as heat), one does not lose any energy at all, but simply has "scrambled" the hierarchical ordering of the photons into a new herd configuration (which may be varying every which way!). The point here is the real meaning of the fundamental conservation of energy law: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed!

When we "use" one joule of energy to perform one joule of work (say, in a single-pass, scattering), we still have exactly that one joule of energy left, but just in different form (different direction, type, collection or not collected, etc.)  It can still do another single pass joule of work, then another, then another, and so on. If we plan things right, we can use a single joule of work to perform many joules of work, contrary to what we were so strongly taught in the "single-pass, single collection, single dissipation" examples given to us in university as the "law" of God and electrodynamics.

Note that the conventional work-energy theorem assumes single pass, single collection, and single dissipation of a joule of energy to perform a single joule of work. The point is, that is not a limitation of nature, but a limitation of a single process! Nature regularly uses a joule of energy to do multiple joules of work, because after one dissipates or scatters the energy the first time, it's still there and later will be intercepted to do some more work.

Anti-Stokes emission, the Patterson Power Cell, Lawandy's lasing without population inversion, and some gas-filled tubes with anti-Stokes emission are examples of known, validated overunity processes (processes with coefficient of performance greater than unity). These all use multipass, multicollection, multi-dissipation in iterated manner, to increase dipole asymmetry and therefore produce excess extraction of energy from the vacuum. Patterson's unit, e.g., has been independently measured by universities at efficiencies of some 1200 or so. This absolutely does not violate the laws of physics nor the nonequilibrium thermodynamics of open systems far from thermodynamic equilibrium.

CONSCIOUS MIND

The serial processing mind which we normally associate erroneously as ourself.  Other to be added.

Mind is time-like, not space-like. 

CONSCIOUS MIND (PSYCHOENERGETICS VIEW)

The serial-processing mind which one normally associates erroneously as oneself. 

Mind is time-like, not space-like.  Hence it is not directly observable, a priori, since all observation is 3-spatial.  However, if we consider that changes in 3-space produce spacetime curvatures and thereby also produce slight changes in the time domain, then iterative coherent spatial changes eventually will produce a change in the time-domain.  Consequently, the time-like mind will have a continuing stream of such small but processable time-energy changes from coherent 3-spatial phenomena in its body and the macroscopic (coherent) universe.  To sense the 3-space body as "self" while simultaneously sensing other 3-space physical changes as "non-self", the conscious mind must compare the various received time-like projection signals against its "time-like orders" issued.  That set of received time-signals that matches or closely matches the conscious mind's issued order signals, thus yields the sense of the body behavioral changes as (1) self, and (2) body responses to its orders.  The time delay between issuance of the mind's orders and the receipt of the correlated time-like responses from its body, provides the sense of self-persistence or independent being.

The mind couples to the body via a similar spacetime curvature mechanism.  When the mind issues "orders", they are in the time-like realm but are changes, hence small spacetime curvatures.  They therefore involve very small 3-spatial changes (projections) into the 3-space body.  Since the mind orders are coherent, this small iterative set of 3-space changes will integrate coherently, yielding real quantum changes in the body and nervous system (e.g., the brain).

This coupling mechanism is profound.  The steady stream of integrated time-like projections arising in the mind due to the physical world outside one's body, does not compare or match the mind's memory of its orders.  Hence that allows the sensing of the "external world" as "nonself".  The sense of that external world as "existing" or "being" is provided by the time delay in the comparison process, from "mind signals issued" to "physical signals received".  The metric yardstick standard for this comparison time, so to speak, is provided by the time in the identified "self-loop" with the physical body.  In other words, the mind uses that length of time to differentiate those time signals which coherently integrate but do not match its issued order signals, from those time-signals which coherently integrate in the same time loop interval and do match its issued ordered signals.

In this manner, we resolve all the great previously unresolved philosophical questions of the nature of consciousness, nation of being, nature of self, nature of nonself, perception of the physical world, perception of body as self, perception of other bodies as non-self, etc.  At least we resolve these issues from a testable physics approach, so that we can see that now a unified physics (and a technology) of mind and matter is at last in view.  Since O(3) electrodynamics has been shown to be an important subset of Sachs' unified field theory, then O(3) electrodynamics—or SU(2)´SU(2), which is homomorphic with O(3)—can be used to develop the direct engineering of mind, the mind-matter interaction, and mind functions of the living biological system.

It is my considered opinion (with much evidence) that the Russian branch of energetics, known as psychoenergetics, uses a unified field theory and a higher symmetry electrodynamics to achieve that type of direct engineering already, but for weapons use rather than beneficial use for humanity.

As examples, we strongly suggest that the deaths of U.S. Captains Button, Svoboda, and Hess all involved KGB testing of long-range strategic psychoenergetics weapons over the United States, on those targeted personnel.  This should not be surprising at all; the KGB has tested longitudinal EM wave interferometer weapons over the U.S. since 1967, and continues to do so today.  They tested bioenergetics EM weapons against U.S. Embassy personnel in Moscow for several decades.  Kills of U.S. aircraft and missiles have been performed at various times, including kill of the Arrow DC-8 at Gander, Newfoundland in Dec. 1985, kill of a Titan ICBM fired from Vandenberg AFB in the spring of 1986, kill of the U.S. space shuttle Challenger in the spring of 1986, continuing weather engineering over the U.S. and elsewhere, etc.

That novel electromagnetic weapons have indeed been developed and are being tested world-wide, was confirmed by Defense Secretary Cohen in 1997 as follows:

"Others [terrorists] are engaging even in an eco-type of terrorism whereby they can alter the climate, set off earthquakes, volcanoes remotely through the use of electromagnetic waves… So there are plenty of ingenious minds out there that are at work finding ways in which they can wreak terror upon other nations…It's real, and that's the reason why we have to intensify our [counterterrorism] efforts."  [Secretary of Defense William Cohen at an April 1997 counterterrorism conference sponsored by former Senator Sam Nunn.  Quoted from DoD News Briefing, Secretary of Defense William S. Cohen, Q&A at the Conference on Terrorism, Weapons of Mass Destruction, and U.S. Strategy, University of Georgia, Athens, Apr. 28, 1997.].

We specifically call attention to the fact that the Secretary did not speak the words enclosed in square brackets.  This is not limited just to terrorists or counterterrorism.

There appears to be no insurmountable difficulties in developing psychoenergetic technology using the approach outlined above.  Certainly it is not as formidable a task as has been hot fusion.

The incident involving Captain Button, e.g., was to demonstrate control of an individual performing complex technical tasks for a period of at least one hour.  The test against Captain Svoboda was to demonstrate how simply human kill can be achieved in combat troops, merely by introducing selected changes in the mental functioning of the targeted individuals.  As Svoboda was climbing her A-10 out of a successful low-level ordnance drop at night on a ground target, her sense of up and down was instantly reversed.  Instantly perceiving she was diving instead of climbing—although actually climbing out perfectly—she "corrected" immediately and dove headlong into the ground, perishing in the resulting explosion of her aircraft.

In the case of Capt. Hess, the test demonstrated that rather complete mental control can be almost instantly asserted, and even the responses of the autonomic nervous system can be overridden.  So Captain Hess, out for a morning jog, simply went aside, sat down, and stabbed himself repeatedly, including multiple times right through the heart.  Had one seen the incident, he would have simply continued stabbing himself very calmly, without emotion or reflex action from his autonomic nervous system, until physical failure of his body.

As can be seen, it is of the utmost importance that this nation understand psychoenergetics weapons of such nature, and develop effective defenses against them.  The next great strategic battlefield may be as much a "virtual reality" battle as it is a "real physical world" combat.  The war can be quickly lost in either arena.

We also point out that the psychoenergetics weaponry readily is adapted to use in more advanced longitudinal EM wave interferometers, which readily penetrate the Earth and the ocean.  Hence deeply buried strategic command and control centers are vulnerable to psychoenergetics warfare, as are the crewmen of our nuclear submarines, ICBMs, aircraft carriers, division and army command centers, national command centers, strategic bomber pilots, etc.

Indeed, one of the major incentives for developing such psychoenergetics weapons as was demonstrated in controlling Captain Button, was to seize and control the entire on-site manning crews of the defensive quantum potential weapons preventing launch of full strategic warfare.  By having the QP systems "stood down for maintenance" by their own crews, the major strategic retaliation and "dead man fuzing" would have been removed and countered.  Then powerfully striking the QP sites with LWIs would have destroyed them, and left the sites themselves radioactively emitting longitudinal EM waves, thus preventing reoccupation in case the QP weaponry survived.  The counter to that scheme was to place the friendly QP weapon sites on "insane" command and control.  In that mode, instead of human decision being made to launch, every so often (say, every two hours) the computer automatically initiates the launch sequence.  During that sequence, if the crew is still alive and functional, codes can be punched in and the computer cancels the launch initiation.  It then repeats the sequence two hours later.  If no coded cancellation order is punched in, for whatever reason, the launch sequence completes and the QP weapons fire.  In that case, much of Russia disappears from the face of the earth.

Eerily, just about the time that Secretary Cohen was making his quoted statement in April 1997, the KGB was being notified by the friendly little nation of the change to insane command and control.  This forced the abortion of a great strategic attack upon the West, scheduled to occur on May 1, 1997.

We are strongly stressing that psychoenergetics is not parapsychology and it is not just an idle theory of academics.  Instead, it is already potently used in some very powerful and deployed weapon systems that could well decide the course of the next world war, almost at a moment's notice.

See also discussion under energy.

CONSCIOUSNESS

Refers to a living being's awareness of its sensations, feelings, thoughts, and the world around it.

The new approach uses a coupling mechanism between the time-like mind and the body of a living creature.  The nature of this coupling mechanism then generates the mechanism by which self-awareness is produced, awareness of non-self is produced, and the sense of existing in the external world but differing from it is produced.

CONTINUOUS MODE

For a longitudinal EM wave interferometer, a continuous mode of operation where power is fed continually to the transmitters, and the two longitudinal EM wave patterns or beams are continuously transmitted.

CONVENTIONAL SCALAR POTENTIAL

A scalar potential formed without use of artificially added substructuring of its internal biwaves and their products.

In other words, one in which it is assumed that its virtual particle flux has no ordering, but is just a randomized flux. This assumption (e.g., of quantum mechanics indirectly) is incompatible by the Whittaker demonstration that (i) a scalar potential is a harmonic set of "bidirectional" EM phase conjugate wave pairs, and thus not a scalar entity at all, and (ii) perfect ordering of its wave components exists inside the scalar potential.

One must carefully distinguish what each of these internal "phase conjugate EM longitudinal wavepairs" actually represents.  Prior to interaction with detecting charges, the potential is a 4-potential existing in spacetime (4-space).  The time domain, of course, is represented by ict, and in that expression only "t" is a variable.  Hence the "incoming" phase conjugate longitudinal EM waves in the imaginary plane are actually longitudinal EM waves in the time dimension.  These waves converge upon the dipolarity represented by the "scalar potential" or any "piece" of it.  The dipolarity represents the interaction of charges; specifically, a dipole.  This reaction—by the spin of the charges—transduces the incoming EM energy from the time-dimension into 3-space, and emits it from the charges as real EM longitudinal EM energy radiating out from the dipolarity in all directions in 3-space.

The phase conjugate half-set of the Whittaker waves, prior to their interaction with charge, are not waves in 3-space, but are waves of LW EM energy coming in from the imaginary plane and thus from the time domain.  The charges of the dipolarity spin 720°, being 360º in the complex plane and then 360º in real 3-space.  So the charges absorb the EM LW energy impinging on them from the time domain, during their 360º rotation in the complex plane.  When they enter real 3-space for the rest of their spin, the already-excited charges dissipate their excitation energy in all directions as they spin their 3609º in 3-space.  That is what the Whittaker decomposition actually shows, but it has been ignored for almost a century.

In short, the broken 3-symmetry of the dipolarity—well-known in particle physics for nearly a half-century, but never incorporated into CED—allows nature to jump to a higher, more fundamental 4-symmetry in the energy flow.  Energy is being conserved in 4-space, but not in 3-space.  Further, there is a special new energy flow symmetry involved: one-way in the time domain and the other way in the 3-space domain.  Note that energy is not conserved in 3-space!  There is no law of nature requiring the extra requirement that, in addition to conservation in 4-space, the energy must also be conserved in 3-space!  So when the dipole breaks that extra requirement, only the basic 4-conservation applies.  In that case, nature very happily gives you what might be called a white hole in astrophysics terms: energy will pour in to the dipolarity unceasingly from the time-dimension, and will pour out in 3-space unceasingly, so long as that dipolarity persists.

By considering the virtual charges of opposite sign that cluster in the vacuum around any "isolated observable charge", one may represent a single charge (as an electron or proton) as a set of composite dipoles, where each dipole consists of a virtual charge (while it exists) and a differential element of the observable charge.  So the charge becomes a set of composite dipoles, each with Whittaker decomposition of the scalar potential between its ends.

Hence we have solved the long-vexing problem that Semiz called "the greatest unsolved problem in electrodynamics": the problem of the source charge (or source dipole) and its associated fields and potentials and the enormous EM energy continually pouring out of any charge or dipole in all directions in 3-space.

When the arbitrarily discarded giant Heaviside nondiverged energy flow component is also accounted, this leads to the giant negentropy of the dipole, as shown in my paper, "Giant Negentropy from the Common Dipole".  We have also proposed this "dark Heaviside energy" as the unaccounted source of the excess gravity known to be present in spiral galaxies and holding together their arms.  The dark energy yields at least 90% of the total gravity involved, and the additional 10% or so can be accounted for my known gravitational sources.

It appears that these new discoveries can also be utilized to show that "quintessence" is also caused by COP>1.0 processes in the universe, and the excess production of negative "giant dark energy flows".  If so, then this also would account for the recently discovered fact that the universe has an excess of negative gravitation, so that it is not only expanding but is accelerating in that expansion.  At this time, the present author is still attempting to tie up the loose ends involved in showing that quintessence also is created as a result of functions of the giant negentropy process.

In the Whittaker biwave pairs, If one then insists that these hidden EM waves are comprised of hidden photons, then it follows that the photons exist as continually coupling and uncoupling photon/antiphoton pairs, or continually forming and unforming gravitons as the wave and antiwave continually pass through each other.

It is a little more complicated than that, since Maxwell actually omitted half the EM energy in the EM wave in space, and also in the circuit—as do electrodynamicists to this day.  For gravitons, one really must come to grips with this error and correct it.  This will be added later in this glossary.  (To be Added).

COOPER PAIR

A dynamic pairing of electrons in superconductivity theory. 

In this pair, if the energy state with wave number s and spin ½ is occupied by an electron, then so is the state with wave number - s and spin - ½.

COP (COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE)

Ratio of energy out, divided by that portion of the total energy input that is input by the operator or experimenter.

The COP is thus a measure of "efficiency of using the operator or experimenter's input energy" to produce—or direct the production of—useful work. Note that he can direct the use of his own input energy, as almost all our present systems do. Better yet, he can also direct (gate or "switch") the use of some external free flow of energy from the environment into the system, so that he gets lots more work out of the system than he has to put in himself. Only a few of our systems—such as solar cells, sails on sailboats, waterwheels to power mills, and windmills—are such Maxwell's demons (open systems) where the output exceeds the operator's input of energy.

We sharply contrast the term "COP" to the term "efficiency".  The efficiency (overall) of a system is how much useful energy output (usually as work, or can be converted to work at will) the system produces for the total amount of energy that is input (both by the operator and by the external environment).  Even a highly inefficient system may nonetheless have a COP>1.0, if the operator inputs less energy than the system outputs.

We urge the reader to thoroughly understand the difference between energy-use "efficiency" of a system and coefficient of performance of the system.  Many scientists, engineers, and especially free-energy researchers are confused on the precise difference in these terms.

CORPUS CALLOSUM

The thick nerve cable that links together the two cerebral hemispheres (which are separate brains) in each vertebrate (including human) brain.

In each of the two cerebral hemispheres, there is a separate mind and personality (given that the other is separated).  However, a brain has a unique characteristic: Anything that arises directly inside it is automatically assumed to be self-originated, since the brain-tuner can differentiate no separation or "separate source" for the signal/thought arising directly upon its "internal screen".  This allows integration of the two brains/minds/personalities into one. That is, when one brain half prepares and sends a message, that message is also routed across the corpus callosum into the other brain half, arising internally upon the second brain's "display." The second brain half therefore thinks that it itself originated the signal or message.

COSMOLOGICAL FEEDBACK PRINCIPLE

Puthoff's self-regenerating cosmological feedback cycle for the source of the vacuum EM ZPE. 

One may assume the existence of EM zero-point energy (ZPE) by fiat as part of the boundary conditions of the universe, or conceive of its generation by the quantum-fluctuation motion of charged particles that constitute matter.  Puthoff calculated the latter possibility, assuming that the ZPE spectrum (field distribution) drives particle motion, and that the particle motion in turn generates the ZPE spectrum.  This provides a self-regenerating cosmological feedback cycle, which in fact is consistent with the general relativity assumption that curvature of spacetime affects mass energy, and mass energy changes affect the curvature of spacetime.

The result of Puthoff's calculation is the appropriate frequency-cubed spectral distribution of the correct order of magnitude.  His result is thus consistent with, and indicates, a dynamic-generation process for the ZPE fields.

In general this is also consistent with the Sachs' unified field theory approach, and with the Evans O(3) important subset of it.

COURRIER, ROBERT

Noted French scientist who collaborated with Antoine Prioré in his revolutionary healing experiments on laboratory animals using longitudinal EM waves from plasma tubes. 

Courrier was the head of the Biology Section of the French Academy and also the perpetual secretary at the time.  He personally presented the astounding results of the Prioré work, showing cures of terminal tumors, to the assembled French Academy, creating a furor.

CROSSTALK

In ordinary science, the transfer of energy or signal from one channel to another, by cross modulation or cross coupling between the channels. 

In the new approach, the term "crosstalk" can be used in an additional sense where it refers to virtual energy exchange between orthogonal universes or frames—that is, between different 3- or 4-dimensional slices of an infinite-dimensional universe.

CURL CONCEPTS OF FIELDS

Refers to concepts of fields as the curl of some vector potential;

E.g., the magnitude of the B-field is equal to the curl of the A-potential, given by B = Ñ´A.  More exactly, the B-field is identically a curled A-potential, by B º Ñ´A, but only that portion of Ñ´A that is diverged around or collected by an intercepting unit point static charge.

Note that we are accenting that no equation is a definition.  So texts stating that the first equation with an equals sign "defines" the magnetic vector potential A, are in error.  If we state that B º Ñ´A, then we are defining the B-field as a curled form of the magnetic vector potential, which it is.

The reader must be aware that the field concept itself in CEM is flawed, being "defined" as the effect existing after an interaction by a 4-space entity with a 3-space mass, and hence
3-spatial and an "effect", and yet then used as if it were the 4-space "cause" entity that propagates in 4-space to interact.  In short, the field concept is thoroughly confused in the texts and papers in the literature (and has been confused for more than a century) as not only the cause but the result of the interaction of the cause with some recipient.  This problem has been highlighted by many physicists, including Feynman, Wheeler, etc.

This "confusion of the cause with the effect" is widespread in physics, and is the single greatest foundations error which hampers the progress of physics.  Another example is the false notion that a "separate force" acts upon a "separate mass", when in fact mass is a component of force by the definition F º d/dt(mv).  That such simple and obvious errors have been propagated by so many hundreds of thousands of scientists for so many decades is perplexing.  Indeed, the errors simply continue to be used.  Note that Nobelist Feynman and the great John Wheeler pointed out that the "field" as defined in CEM does not and cannot exist in spacetime!  Instead, Feynman pointed out that only the potential for the field exists in spacetime, in case some charged mass is brought in to interact with it and thereby produce the field as an effect. 

Indeed, no observable persists, for it "exists" only as a momentary 3-space frozen snapshot or slice of a 4-space dynamic interaction.  Here again, most physicists do not realize that observables such as mass m do not and cannot persist other that at the instantaneous frozen moment of the snapshot.

CURL-FREE MAGNETIC VECTOR POTENTIAL

A field-free magnetic vector potential without curl, hence with no B-field.

Toroids and long solenoids have the characteristic of separating the B-field (curled potential) and holding it inside.  However, drawing energy from any potential whose "source charge or source dipole" is not destroyed, simply results in the full value of the potential being replenished from the vacuum, via the 4-symmetry energy flow mechanism in the presence of the broken 3-symmetry of the dipole.  Hence one may easily "double" the potential energy density at will, and this is a special form of gauge freedom, where the potential energy of any electromagnetic system can be altered freely and at will.  We strongly accent that, contrary to what is in the EM textbook, gauge freedom rigorously allows the direct and free amplification of potential energy of the EM system at will.  That this principle, incorporated in gauge field theory, has been known so long and still not used in the design, production, and use of COP>1.0 electrical power systems is quite inexplicable.

In the motionless electromagnetic generator, we used a special core material to extract the curled potential (B-field) from a permanent magnet's vector potential A, so that A is replenished in uncurled form directly from the vacuum via the giant negentropy process.

To achieve COP>1.0, we then simultaneously interacted both the uncurled A-potential energy external to the output coil, and the internal curled A-potential energy (B-field energy) internal to the core through the coil, with the coil.  By pulsing, the Lenz law effect is also invoked as yet another momentary regauging and potential energy increase, so that an additional energy gain is achieved.

The well-known Aharonov-Bohm effect proves that the uncurled A-potential can indeed be separated from the B-field in like manner, and the A-potential does interact with electrons since dA/dt = - E.

Thus the MEG achieves COP>1.0 permissibly, because it is an open system freely receiving excess energy from the active vacuum environment, via the vacuum's replenishment of the magnetic vector potential of the permanent magnet dipole as fast as energy is drawn from it.  The MEG also violates the usual closed current loop's self-imposition of Lorentz symmetrical regauging when discharging its excitation energy (its free excess regauging potential energy), because the "source dipole" (the permanent magnetic dipole) is not destroyed.

CURVED SPACETIME (externally, internally)

A four-dimensional geometry used in general relativity, where the curvature is determined by the distribution of mass-energy.

In the new, more extended approach, any change in the spatial energy density of spacetime or any change in the time-energy density of it, or a combination of changes in both.  The difference is that in the new approach time is also treated as a special form of energy.  Specifically, time may be regarded as spatial EM energy compressed by a factor of c2.

CYBORG  (An acronym for cybernetic organism).

(Noun): A single integrated system consisting of a living system energetically or functionally linked to mechanical or electromagnetic devices and/or systems performing some vital functions.

(Verb): Link, in the sense of forming such a system.

In the new approach, a living biological system may thus be considered a cyborg of its time-like mindworld (mindframe) to its 3-spatial body (laboratory tuner).  The "cyborging" is provided by the personal quantum potential and by the mind-body coupling mechanism.  Due to the giant negentropy mechanism of any dipolarity, any scalar potential as a dipolarity is a cyborg between observable reality and virtual state (time-like) reality, i.e., between 3-space and the time-domain.

CYTOMEGALOVIRUS

Any of several members of the herpesvirus family that cause infected cells to enlarge and/or to form cytoplasmic (the protoplasm of a cell, external to the nuclear membrane) inclusions in leukocytes (white blood cells), particularly in their nuclei.

Cytomegalovirus makes a protein that appears to disable the p53 protein.  As a result, smooth muscle cells in blood vessels can proliferate until they impede blood flow.

CYTOPATHOGEN

Literally, a pathogen (disease causing organism—or extended, mechanism—) that affects cells and generates damage in them.

CYTOPATHOGENIC

Damaging, harmful, or destructive for cells.

CYTOPATHOGENIC EFFECT

The generation of damage, disease, death, or other symptoms at the cellular level in cells that are exposed to or subjected to a pathogen.

CYTOPATHOGENIC MIRROR EFFECT

Distant EM pathogenic effect noted by Kaznacheyev in thousands of military experiments, where cellular death, disease, and damage forms are shown to be transmitted from one cell culture in the dark (absence of visible light) where the changes are induced, to another similar targeted cell culture in the dark that is environmentally shielded from the first except for light transmission in the infrared and in the ultraviolet.  After exposure begins, after a time delay (say, 2 hours or more), the cells in the targeted cell culture will begin to exhibit the same symptoms as the culture having the induced damage.  Eventually, in most cases the targeted cells will develop the same damage, disease condition, or death.  The effects vary with the time of day etc.

The necessity for photon connection from IR to UV is shown by contrasting a thin quartz window allowing the light transmission with a thin window glass window.  The quartz is open from the IR to the UV, and will pass that entire spectrum.  With the visible light absent, the IR and UV biophotons emitted by the damaged cell culture will pass through the quartz window into the targeted cell culture.  After the time delay, the targeted cell culture starts developing the condition.

Use of a thin window glass window, however, prevents the effect.  Normal window glass is opaque in the IR and in the UV, and so it blocks the transmission of the IR and UV biophotons.

The UV is a harmonic of the IR, arranged properly.  An unusual effect exists when two sine waves one the first harmonic of the other, are simultaneously transmitted into an isotropic nonlinear medium, such as water.  On each sine wave, the peak travels faster in the water than off-peak parts of the wave does.  Hence the wave peaks overshoot its middle, the wave collapses, breaks up, etc.  Both the waves of the transmitted harmonic set do that.  However, if one pretends that one transmitted the difference frequency between them, and not the waves themselves, a strange phenomenon results.  Regardless of the breakup of the primary harmonic set, the difference frequency travels through the water as if it were a real frequency in a linear medium.  This effect has been proven and is used in underwater sonar equipment.

For example, see Owen Flynn,  "Parametric arrays: A new concept for sonar," Electronic Warfare Magazine, June 1977, p. 107-112.  Any two sine-wave frequencies as simultaneous drivers combine to produce a sine-wave difference frequency propagating in water, essentially without sidebands or reverberations.  Its pattern has a main lobe approximately equal to that of the high frequency drive, but devoid of sidelobes.  The level of the propagating difference frequency is proportional to both the product of the two fundamental drive levels and to the square of the desired value of difference frequency.

Living cells contain a great percentage of water.  Hence the effect should apply to those targeted cells, under the conditions stated.

From general relativity, we know that any pattern and dynamics of mass-energy, such as in a cell and all its parts and dynamics, directly interacts with local spacetime to curve it, and any set of curvatures of spacetime interact with any conglomerate of mass-energy and its parts and dynamics.  The set of precise curvatures and their dynamics we call an engine.  In a mass embedded in a local region of spacetime containing an engine, the engine will interact with the mass-energy to change it if the mass-energy and its dynamics do not "fit" the engine and its dynamics.

In a diseased, damaged, or dead cell, the mass-energy of that cell and its "template" (form and dynamics) differs from its template while the cell was living and normal.  Let us now see what happens when that dead cell emits a biophoton.

A photon emitted from a dielectric such as a damaged cell, is not emitted just from one spot.  Every part of the dielectric participates in the emission of that photon.  (See "porthole concept", to be added).  Further, each emitted photon contains in its scalar potential and its magnetic vector potential, the exact longitudinal EM waveset that constitutes the vacuum engine of the damaged cell that emitted it.  When a cell absorbs a photon, it absorbs that vacuum engine carried by the photon also.  If it absorbs a stream of photons of harmonic interval, the difference frequency constitutes in terms of a wave, traveling through the cell water as if in a linear medium, and transporting that vacuum engine to every part of the absorbing cell dielectric.

So the biophotons emitted from Kaznacheyev's damaged, diseased, or dying cells sent biophotons containing the exact spacetime curvature engines and dynamics of their precise condition (template). Further, a harmonic interval of such radiation is transmitted into the targeted cells, and absorbed.  The mixing of the two absorptions eventually is sufficient to establish the harmonic interval, thus with a clear EM signal difference that travels through the cell's water and to every tiniest part of it.  This "difference frequency clear signal" also contains the pure vacuum engines of the template of the changes in the diseased, dying, or damaged emitting cells.

The result is the "kindling" (coherent integration) of the template in the absorbing cell's local spacetime in which it is embedded.  As that spacetime engine grows, it differs from the resident engine of the absorbing cell.  That difference is itself an engine, and it operates steadily upon that absorbing cell to alter its engine and then its physical condition and state.

As the new engine continues to interact, the physical cell is gradually changed into an equilibrium condition in its mutual interaction with its local spacetime engine.  That occurs after the absorbing cell has developed the same disease, damage, or dying condition as the transmitting cells.

This is the secret of the Kaznacheyev experiments.  The Kaznacheyev work was allowed to be released in the open literature to stimulate the U.S. scientific and intelligence communities and see whether or not the scientists and analysts had applied a unified field theory and higher symmetry electrodynamics to the EM bioeffects problem.  The totally casual reception of the Kaznacheyev experiments in the West, with no interest or interaction from the stimulated communities, assured the KGB conclusively that the West was still in kindergarten in its knowledge of EM bioeffects, and particularly had little or no knowledge in the field of EM biological warfare.

Kaznacheyev referred to the effect as the "cytopathogenic mirror" effect, for the pathogenic effects from the emitting damaged cells being "mirrored' in the targeted cells.

See Vlail Kaznacheyev and L. P. Mikhailova, Ultraweak Radiation in Intercellular Interactions, [in Russian], Novosibirsk, 1981.  An English exposition of much of the Kaznacheyev work is given in Vlail Kaznacheyev, "Electromagnetic Bioinformation in Intercellular Interactions," Psi Research, 1(1), Mar. 1982, p. 47-76.  See also Vlail Kaznacheyev, "Apparent information transfer between two groups of cells," Psychoenergetic Systems, 1(1), Dec. 1974;  Vlail Kaznacheyev et al., "Distant intercellular interactions in a system of two tissue cultures," Psychoenergetic Systems, 1(3), Mar. 1976, p. 141-142.  In the same issue, see "A Comment" by William A. McGarey, p. 143; "A Comment" by Arthur C. Hastings, p. 143-144.

Seven or eight nations now have longitudinal EM wave interferometer weapons, capable of beaming right through the earth and ocean to the other side of the planet.  At least two of these nations—Russia and China—are capable of adding engine structures to these interferometers, and sweeping a targeted population area to generate that specific disease condition in that target.  A sophisticated use would be to have agents (such as terrorist teams already in the United States and with biological agents in hand) release a small quantity of smallpox in the area previously targeted.  The LWIs have swept the entire area continuously for a period, slowly kindling (especially at night) the exact form of the disease within the bodies of the populace.  A curious thing happens if the level of kindling of the smallpox state has been kept just beneath the observable state, within what is sometimes called the "shadow state" (just barely virtual).  A smallpox pandemic will explode in that populace with a ferocity never seen in modern times, and at an unparalleled rate.  This is further exacerbated by "spreading the immune system" prior to the attack (term and discussion to be added), which seriously weakens the immune system's ability to resist any single pathogenic attack.

There are hardly any supplies of smallpox vaccine left that are viable.  Even where there are, the Russian laboratories developed strains of smallpox resistant to the normal vaccine, and after the collapse of the Russian economy and the former Soviet state, these strains were sold on the black market to the highest bidder.  Further, most of the Soviet scientists employed in those secret biowar facilities wound up employed in several other nations, most hostile to the United States.

The point is this: Such a strike could in fact kill up to 2 billion people worldwide.  Further, the entire affair would appear to be just a chance breakout of smallpox, and its spread through a nonresistant world populace.

When modern biological warfare is actually analyzed in detail, the "bang for the buck" is greater than it is for nuclear weapons.  Further, a rogue or hostile nation can take its time in advance and develop quantities of smallpox vaccine (for the very strain it will use), then initiate such a clandestine campaign after it has vaccinated its own populace, armed forces, and agents.  Guess who survives after such an attack.

CYTOTOXIC

Toxic (acts as a poison or toxin) to cells.

A toxin is a colloidal proteinaceous poisonous substance that is a specific product of the metabolic activities of a living organism.  The toxin is usually very unstable, and is notably toxic when introduced into the tissues.

DARK ENERGY

The Heaviside nondiverged energy flow component, surrounding every field/charge and potential/charge reaction but unaccounted in present electromagnetic theory after being arbitrarily discarded by Lorentz.

DATUM

Consideration, or data considered, or information considered, or action considered, or result considered.

DEATH

The disintegration of the personal quantum potential's connection to the physical body's atomic nuclei by loss of the mind-body connection mechanism. 

Simply put, separation of the quantum potential containing the time-like mind-frame from the body.  Loss of the preferential tuning of a physical body to its mindworld.  This causes loss of the preferential consciousness loop or life channel, resulting in "death" (reversion to inert matter) of the body.  Actually the quantum potential and the mind-frame remains, so the being is unchanging and indestructible, hence consists of all changes and destructions simultaneously, with none separated individually.  Life and death thus are two sides of the same coin, and the coin is immutable, regardless of which side is exposed.

DE BROGLIE WAVE

A matter wave, conceived by Louis de Broglie.

The quantum mechanics wave associated with a particle of matter, which can give rise to interference effects. An orbital electron in an atom is associated with a standing de Broglie wave on a Bohr orbit. De Broglie waves always move faster than the speed of light, the speed being given by c2/v, where c is the velocity of light in vacuum and v is the velocity of the particle of mass. De Broglie wave velocities thus vary from the speed of light to infinite speed (everywhere at once). In his speech accepting the Nobel Prize, de Broglie emphasized that, since these waves produce real physical effects, they are real and must not be regarded simply as mathematical conveniences.

DEBYE, PETER

Dutch-born American physical chemist and Nobelist, 1884-1966, who performed important and fundamental studies in bipole moments and diffractions of X-rays and electrons in gases.

DEDIFFERENTIATION, CELLULAR

The reversion of a cell or cellular structure to a more primitive or generalized condition.

Dedifferentiation is often preliminary to a major change in the cell or cellular structure.  It can also be a reversion of the cell to a previous—even primeval—cell form.  The important point is that dedifferentiation returns the cell to a previous (past) cellular state.  Reversion of a cancer cell, e.g., would cause the cell to return to a normal cell, since that is the nature of its "cellular past."  It is vitally important that Becker has demonstrated that cells can be differentiated (moved forward to a future state) or dedifferentiated (moved backward to a previous state) electrically, by very weak DC currents (picoamperes).  He was nominated for a Nobel Prize for this epochal work. 

Actual electromagnetic redifferentiation of terminal tumors in laboratory animals was repeatedly demonstrated by Prioré et al in the late 60s and early 70s and reported in the peer-reviewed French medical journals, as was reversion of depressed immune systems, cures of infectious diseases, and curing of arteriosclerosis.  It is inexplicable that this positively demonstrated cure of cancer—which could also cure infectious diseases and probably can be developed to cure AIDS—was suppressed in the mid-70s and has not been vigorously pursued by present establishment medical science.

DEGENERATE SEMICONDUCTOR

A semiconductor whose conductivity approaches that of a metal.

DELGADO, JOSE M. R.

Noted Spanish neurophysiologist well-known for his research on brain behavioral mechanisms and their control by electrical stimulation; who implanted electrodes in the brains of animals and humans and demonstrated that their responses (both behavioral and emotional) were specific and depended upon the specific localized part of the brain that was stimulated.

A TV tape made by Delgado showed a spectacular demonstration where he stopped a charging bull in mid-stride.  With a small hand-held radio transmitter, he transmitted a radio signal to a receiver implanted in the head of the bull.  This dramatic demonstration caused a world-wide sensation.

The significance of his work is given by Becker:  "Delgado discovered the exact parts of the brain in which electrical stimulation produced fear, anxiety, pleasure, euphoria, or rage in human subjects.  He found that certain sites produced major personality alterations.  For example, stimulation of one such site could cause very proper, reserved young ladies to become flirtatious and sexually aggressive.  Other sites inhibited maternal or aggressive behavior.  In short, Delgado was able to profoundly alter human behavior through electrical stimulation of discrete areas of the brain." electrodes were implanted in the pleasure centers of rats' brains.  The animals were provided with two levers to press.  One of these delivered food, and the other produced electrical stimulation of the pleasure center.  Invariably, the rats chose to press the lever that stimulated the pleasure center, even to the extent that they died of starvation." (Becker, Cross Currents, p. 221-222).

It is known based on a rare OMNI interview that Delgado progressed to detailed study and experimentation for the behavioral and emotional effects in monkeys of specific magnetic field frequencies on monkeys.  These successful experiments involved electrical currents produced in the brain but hundreds of times lower in intensity than those required for direct electrode stimulation.  Since then, some information has been cautiously released from Western military studies showing that microwave pulses can couple to the central nervous system and produce stimulation and behavior alteration similar to Delgado's released experimental results.

Comment: The ultimate and most refined techniques in the field of electromagnetic control of human behavior, volition, emotion, etc. is provided by Russian psychoenergetics, the military version of which is totally under KGB control.  This work has progressed far beyond what Delgado and Becker were discussion so long ago.  The use of the infolded longitudinal EM waves and "engines"—once the technology is developed—allows direct engineering of conscious and unconscious mind, memory including short term and long term, perception, awareness, etc.  The additional advantage of using EM longitudinal waves is that mass is largely a very thin dispersion of particles, with (relatively speaking) very large distances between them, somewhat like the solar system but on different scale.  This "inner space" is filled with EM waves, potentials, and fields—all of which decompose into sets of longitudinal EM waves and their impressed dynamics.  Thus the earth and ocean are readily penetrated by longitudinal EM wave beams, and the Russians (KGB) has developed such LW interferometers since the mid 1950s.  However, by LW interferometry where the patterns and dynamics of the carried LWs are engineered, any desired mapping pattern of precise EM signals, frequencies, phases, and magnitudes can be reproduced in distant interference zones, reaching right through the ocean.  These interferometers could localize the distant interferometry into a 6-inch diameter volume as early as 1985, so from that time forward it gradually became possible to perform all of Delgado's "inserted electrode" EM stimulus in a single selected human brain from the opposite side of the earth.  So approximately 1985 is when I would estimate the beginning of the "golden age" (ugh!) of distant psychoenergetics was initiated.

By 1997, this development would be into at least third generation weapons, just being deployed or just having been deployed, considering an somewhat accelerated weapons development program where 6 years is one generation.  By 1997, very complex individual behavioral and perceptual control should have just arrived in on-site deployed strategic weapons systems.  See discussion under conscious mind.

Some selected useful references are: J.M.R. Delgado et al., Journal of Anatomy, vol. 134, 1982, p. 533 reports that developmental defects occur in chick embryos exposed to various ELF frequencies.  See also J.M.R. Delgado, Physical Control of the Mind: Toward a Psychocivilized Society, Vol. 41, World Perspectives, Harper & Row, New York, 1969.

DEMODULATION

From a carrier containing a modulated signal, recovering the signal that was used to modulate it.

DENSE SIGNAL ENVIRONMENT

For our purposes, when the number of weak EM signals crossing one square meter per second reaches 200,000. 

At 500,000 important nonlinear optical type effects of significance—particularly long term cumulative effects—begin to occur in the exposed biological organism.

DEPARTING ORTHOROTATIONS

In space of dimensions greater than four, the rotating of an object or entity away from its line of motion, in the direction of a dimension at right angles to the line of travel in the observer's three-space, by some number of additional 90° rotations.

The Lorentz transform in special relativity, e.g., is just a formula for this kind of rotation.  What we call "velocity" is actually a measure of rotation.  In 4-space, any object in 3-space can only rotate "out" of 3-space in one direction: toward the time-axis.  As the object rotates toward that time-axis, we see the object as having a velocity in 3-space, and its "length along the line of motion" as having diminished.  When the object rotates the full 90°, its "length along the line of motion" has been converted to "time" rather than length.  Hence it has zero length along the line of motion and is moving at c, the speed of light in ambient space.  It is also no longer material, but is a sort of flat plane surface moving at speed c in a direction perpendicular to the plane. 

In that 4-space model, it is impossible for anything to move faster than light speed.  So Einstein's postulate dealing with the fact that it is impossible to translate mass, signals, etc. faster than light speed has a built-in assumption that only one orthogonal departing rotation can be made from 3-space.  That postulate need not apply at all if more than one departing orthorotation is permitted—which of course requires a space of 5 dimensions or greater.

The notion is that, if we allow a spacetime of greater than four dimensions, by continuing to rotate ever more orthoturns in a departing direction away from the original line of travel, the rotated object loses one observable dimension for every orthorotation. Hence with three "departing" orthorotations it becomes a "nonobservable point" to the normal observer, but one that would be moving at speed c3.  A single orthorotation would make the 3-dimensional object a two-dimensional plane moving at speed c.

No matter how many rotations are made in a departing manner, the object is still connected to the time dimension common to all dimensions (assuming only a single time dimension for simplicity).  So it exists in an orthorotated space, but in the same time.  To the physical observer in 3-space, it thus appears to be a "time-like" or "mental" object only.  Nonetheless, by affecting the density and structuring of the time domain, it can have an effect on a 3-spatial object.  We discuss that mechanism under the subjects of the mind-to-body coupling mechanism and the body-to-mind coupling mechanism.  Further, with the Sachs-Evans unified field theory approach, the time-domain can be directly engineered.  This means that both "inert" or physical reality and time-like or "mental" reality can be directly engineered by novel electrodynamic means.

In short, a photon is just a particle (such as an electron) that is orthorotated once (toward the time axis). In photon emission, a little bit of the mass-energy turns into orthorotated photon energy.  In photon absorption, the absorbed photon energy turns back into mass-energy.

The higher dimensional orthorotational concept was originally formed to allow a physical modeling grasp on a "mental" object as compared to a "physical" object, and to have a connection mechanism between the two.  Such an approach can be used to model both mind and matter, their interaction, etc.  The present author has used it to solve the old philosophical problem of "intent", of how the perception of self is attained, how the external world is perceived separate from self, etc.  A model for both living and nonliving states does emerge. 

This or a very similar approach has been used by the Russian's highly classified weapon science called energetics.  That third branch of energetics is called psychoenergetics and it is the physics of directly engineering mind states, mind operations, memory, etc. by extended electrodynamic means.   We have previously detailed much of this work privately, but with some detailed openly in a few papers.  E.g., see T. E. Bearden, "Mind Control and EM Wave Polarization Transductions, Part I", Explore, 9(2), 1999, p. 59; Part II, Explore, 9(3), 1999, p. 61; Part III, Explore, 9(4,5), 1999, p. 100-108.

DESTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE

When two waves or wavesets from two different sources superpose to produce a combined waveset that has a lower intensity than the sum of the intensities of the two original waves.

DETERMINISTIC PATTERN OR TEMPLATE

The exact arrangement, by plan and deterministic action, of a group of entities.

E.g., of the photons in a "herd" or "group" of them. Or a set of spacetime curvatures, into a dynamic structure called a "spacetime curvature engine"—or "engine" for short.  Or by the virtual photons in the vacuum flux, or a deterministic set of changes to that vacuum flux (the vacuum flux that is called the "vacuum potential." I have called this function—of a deterministic patterning or templating of the virtual flux (particle view) of the potential—dimensioning the potential.

DIELECTRIC

Literally, "against electric (current),"

...originally coined to mean "opposes the flow or conduct of electric fluid."

In today's language, a dielectric is a non-conducting material used to oppose or prevent the flow of electric charges. Even empty vacuum exhibits some dielectric resistance. "Dielectric" is also used to refer to a nonconducting material (often used between the metal plates of a capacitor or elsewhere) which can (i) sustain a change in potential across a distance (i.e., an E-field), and (ii) serve as an insulator. Space itself is a dielectric, or at least it is said to exhibit certain dielectric qualities.

DIFFERENTIATION, CELLULAR

(1) specialization of body parts or organs in the evolutionary process.  (2)  modification of different parts of the body to perform particular functions.  (3) modification of the cells forming these body parts or organs so as to perform the necessary cellular functions required to support the functioning of the body part or organ.

DIFFRACTION

The bending of light at the edge of an opaque object.

Usually diffraction introduces undesired distortion and is a problem.  However, it can be useful and desirable—for example, in a diffraction grating.

DIMENSION

A certain primary geometrical physical attribute, such as length, used to describe the separational relationships of physical phenomena.